The effect of restricted visual space on the primate eye

Young, Francis A.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(61)91959-6

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…25 26 It has been proposed that accommodation raises intraocular pressure and that this leads to myopia through elongation of the eyeball.27 But local retinal mechanisms might also be important. Chicks raised with either the nasal or temporal half of their visual field impaired by a white translucent occluder develop myopia selectively in the deprived part of the retina,28 and this has prompted the theory that myopia results from a failure of non-foveal retinal neurones to resolve the letters on a printed page because of their large receptive fields.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen.

Wong

Coggon

Cruddas

et al. 1993

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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Study objective-The aim was to assess the influence of childhood reading on the development of myopia after allowance for familial differences in susceptibility.Design-The study was a cross sectional survey. Setting-Four fishing harbours in HongKong in 1989.Subjects-Participants were 408 men and women aged 15-39 years old from 159 families.Main results-Histories of school attendance and reading habits in childhood were obtained at interview. Myopia was assessed by retinoscopy. Associations between myopia (defined as a refractive error of at least -1-0D in one or both eyes) and indices of reading in childhood were explored. Myopia was more common in subjects who had attended school (odds. ratio=1l7, 95% CI 1-0-3-0), with the highest risks in those who had started school at the earliest ages and who had spent the most time reading and writing while at primary school. Allowance for familial tendency to myopia produced no diminution in the risks associated with reading.Conclusions-These data support the hypothesis that reading in childhood is a cause of short sight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen.

Wong

Coggon

Cruddas

et al. 1993

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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“…Animal models of myopia have been made using form-deprived and hypermetropic defocusing stimuli [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Francis used a method of restricted visual space to induce myopia in young rhesus monkeys, but this technique did not eliminate the potential interference of form deprivation factors, and thus could not accurately simulate the development of myopia in adolescence [31].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of confined space and near vision stimulation on refractive status and vitreous chamber depth in adolescent rhesus monkeys

Leng¹,

Lan²,

Yu³

et al. 2010

Sci. China Life Sci.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of sustained near vision stimulation, on the refractive development and elongation of the vitreous chamber in adolescent rhesus monkeys. A total of 12 adolescent rhesus monkeys (1.5-2.0 years old) were randomly assigned to 3 groups. In groups A (n=4) and B (n=4), monkeys were reared in close-vision cages for 8 and 4 h d(-1), respectively; tiny granules were added on the cage floor to avoid visual deprivation and to encourage near gaze. In group C (n=4), monkeys were reared in open-vision cages, with non-granule food as a control. Vitreous chamber depth, refractive status, and corneal refractive power were assessed over 18 months. Paired t-test was used to compare the differences and a P-value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In group A, vitreous chamber depth and optical axis elongated significantly, and refractive error shifted towards myopia during the observation period. In group B, vitreous chambers and optical axis elongated but the refractive power did not show significant changes. In group C, there was no significant elongation in vitreous chambers and optical axis, and the refractive power changed slightly towards hypermetropia. There were no significant changes in corneal refractive power in each group. Sustained near vision can promote vitreous chamber growth and induce myopic shifts in refractive power in adolescent monkeys. Our results demonstrate the potential for a primate model of near-work-related myopia.

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“…There is a natural tendency of the eye to become myopic with long hours focusing at a near-point environment, confirmed by laboratory experiments (dR= −1.7 D, t = 1 yr., N =7, Young, 1963). In terms of the (+) Add lenses, to determine appropriate power level, 25 sets were tried by the design team, +0.50 D to +4.00 D., Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical models of college myopia

Greene¹,

Grill

Medina

2016

Optik

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Experimental design phase of a pilot study at Annapolis is described, using reading glasses, +1.5 D. to +3.0 D. to alleviate college myopia. College students often become 1.0 to 2.0 diopters more myopic, so reading glasses were explored to partially cancel the effects of the study environment. N = 25 different sets of (+)Add lenses are evaluated, for required adjustment period and reading comfort. Three computer models are developed to predict refraction versus time. Basic control system equations predict exponential myopia shift of refractive state R(t) with time constant t0 = 100 days. Linear, exponential and Gompertz computer results are compared calculating refraction R(t) during the college years, showing correlation coefficients |r| = 0.96 to 0.97, accurate +/−0.31 D. over a 14 year interval. Typical college myopia rate is −0.3 to −0.4 D/yr. Reading glasses may be a simple, practical solution to stabilize college myopia.

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The effect of restricted visual space on the primate eye

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen.

Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen.

Effects of confined space and near vision stimulation on refractive status and vitreous chamber depth in adolescent rhesus monkeys

Mathematical models of college myopia

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