The effect of repeated alkali pretreatments on the morphological characteristics of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced epoxy adhesive composite

Sukmawan, Romi; Kusmono, Kusmono; Rahmanta, Anugrah Perdana; Saputri, Lestari Hetalesi

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103095

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…However, the variation in diameter was related to the distinct cellulose sources and pre-treatment conditions. It has been known that the dimensions of cellulose fibers are greatly influenced by cellulose sources and pre-treatment conditions. ,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Acetic Anhydride Amount for Improved Properties of Acetylated Cellulose Nanofibers from Sisal Fibers Using a High-Speed Blender

2023

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Acetylated cellulose nanofibers (ACNFs) have shown a great potential for strengthening non-polar polymer matrices and better dispersion which can improve composite properties. However, insufficient acetylation may cause inadequate nanofibrillation ACNF during the fibrillation process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of acetic anhydride (0, 45, 55, and 65 mL) on the degree of substitution (DS), morphology, crystalline structure, and thermal properties of ACNF obtained from sisal fiber produced using a high-speed blender. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the success of the acetylation process by the presence of the carbonyl signal around 1724 cm–1. Furthermore, the DS of ACNF was increased with the acetic anhydride amounts. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of ACNF and non-ACNFs were cellulose I, and the crystallinity index of CNF was increased after acetylation treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of CNF was improved considerably after the acetylation process. The water contact angle of ACNF was higher than that of CNF, indicating that the structural property of CNF altered from hydrophilic to more hydrophobic after acetylation. In addition, the thermal resistance of CNF was improved significantly after acetylation treatment. The optimum amount of acetic anhydride was achieved in 55 mL of acetic anhydride (ACNF-55) which produced ACNF with a DS value of 0.5, a crystallinity index of 77%, a diameter of 87.48 nm, a maximum degradation temperature of 351 °C, and a contact angle of 37.7°. Overall, it was concluded that the obtained ACNF had great potential as reinforcement materials for nanocomposites based on non-polar polymeric matrices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Acetic Anhydride Amount for Improved Properties of Acetylated Cellulose Nanofibers from Sisal Fibers Using a High-Speed Blender

2023

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“…To prepare the cellulose aerogel, the raw material was milled, sieved to 120 mesh (125 μm), and digested in 6% NaOH solution under atmospheric reflux for 4 h to produce pulp. For the PEFB raw material, it was first pretreated with a 4% NaOH solution to eliminate the oil content . The resulting pulp was filtered, washed, and dissolved in an aqueous ammonia–urea solution consisting of 5.0 mL of water, 4.0 g of urea, and 11 mL of 25% aqueous NH 3 solution under ultrasonication for 30 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the PEFB raw material, it was first pretreated with a 4% NaOH solution to eliminate the oil content. 36 The resulting pulp was filtered, washed, and dissolved in an aqueous ammonia–urea solution consisting of 5.0 mL of water, 4.0 g of urea, and 11 mL of 25% aqueous NH 3 solution under ultrasonication for 30 min. Then, the mixture was cooled at a temperature of −5 °C for 24 h to allow for gelation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling N-Doping Nature at Carbon Aerogels from Biomass for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Seawater Batteries

Susanto,

Nurtono,

Widiyastuti

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Pyridinic N-type doped at carbon has been known to have better electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than the others. Herein, we proposed to prepare pyridinic N doped at carbon aerogels (CaA) derived from biomass, i.e., coir fiber (CF) and palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBs), by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature during carbonization of the biomass-based-cellulose aerogels. The cellulose aerogels were prepared by the ammonia−urea system as the cellulose solvent, in which ammonia also acted as a N source for doping and urea as the cellulose cross-linker. The as-prepared cellulose aerogels were directly pyrolyzed to produce N-doped CaA. It was found that the type of N doping is dominated by pyrrolic N at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, pyridinic N at 700 °C, and graphitic N at 800 °C. The pyridinic N exhibited better performance as an electrocatalyst for the ORR than pyrrolic N and graphitic N. The ORR using pyridinic N follows the four-electron pathway, which quantitatively implies a more electrochemically stable process. When used as a cathode for the Mg−air battery using a 3.5% NaCl electrolyte, the pyridinic N CaA exhibited excellent performance by giving a cell voltage of approximately 1.1 V and delivered a high discharge capacity of 411.64 mA h g −1 for CF and 492.64 mA h g −1 for PEFB corresponding to an energy density of 464.23 and 529.49 mW h g −1 , respectively.

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“…Impurities such as ash attached to the palm fiber surface can influence the bonding between the fiber and the epoxy resin matrix 24 . To address this concern, alkali treatment was implemented.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impurities such as ash attached to the palm fiber surface can influence the bonding between the fiber and the epoxy resin matrix. 24 To address this concern, alkali treatment was implemented. Palm sheaths were treated with 2% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at a constant temperature of 75 C for 2 h. The weight ratio of fiber to the treatment solution was designated as 1:5.…”

Section: Pretreatment Of Palm Sheathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of stacking order on the properties of hybrid palm sheath/polyester fiber felt‐reinforced polymer composite laminates

Tang,

Liu,

Bai

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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Natural fiber‐reinforced composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties. However, achieving a balance between excellent mechanical properties and optimal acoustic performance remains a challenge. In this study, four composite laminates with different stacking orders were fabricated using polyester fiber mats (WFs) and palm sheaths (WPs) through a hot‐press process. Moreover, the effects of different stacking orders on the mechanical and acoustic properties of the composite were investigated. The results revealed that the incorporation of polyester fiber felts and the modification of the layup sequence of WP and polyester fiber felts significantly improved the mechanical and acoustic properties of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a strong bonding between palm fibers and polyester fibers at the epoxy resin interface. Compared with pure palm fiber composites, the alternately stacked palm fibers and polyester fibers (WP/WP/WF/WP/WF) exhibited the highest mechanical properties, with a significant enhancement of 142.67% and 16.90% in flexural and tensile strengths, respectively. Additionally, the peak absorption coefficient of polyester fiber felts, positioned in the surface layer of the composite material, within the 2580–3400 Hz frequency band significantly increased from 0.07 to 0.44. Therefore, this study indicates that modifying the stacking order improves the mechanical and acoustic properties of the composites, making them suitable for use in acoustic engineering materials for buildings and decorative panels for furniture, including perforated panels and acoustic screens.Highlights The fabric‐like textured structure significantly enhanced the overall performance of the composites. The stacking order significantly influenced the overall properties of the composite. Alternately stacked polyester fiber felts and palm fibers exhibited excellent mechanical performance. The polyester fiber felts positioned on the surface layer of the composites exhibited superior mechanical performance. A laminate with “green” attributes and good acoustic properties was fabricated.

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The effect of repeated alkali pretreatments on the morphological characteristics of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced epoxy adhesive composite

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Optimizing Acetic Anhydride Amount for Improved Properties of Acetylated Cellulose Nanofibers from Sisal Fibers Using a High-Speed Blender

Optimizing Acetic Anhydride Amount for Improved Properties of Acetylated Cellulose Nanofibers from Sisal Fibers Using a High-Speed Blender

Controlling N-Doping Nature at Carbon Aerogels from Biomass for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Seawater Batteries

Effect of stacking order on the properties of hybrid palm sheath/polyester fiber felt‐reinforced polymer composite laminates

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