The Effect of Reflective Garden Walking on Adults With Increased Levels of Psychological Stress

Liehr, Patricia

doi:10.1177/0898010115594934

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similar results are obtained even after only about 15 to 20 minutes of walking in the forest [8][9][10][11][12]. This highlights the importance of green spaces in the city [14] and garden walking [15]. However, the specific effects of the forest are not necessarily clear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest

Komori¹,

Mitsui²,

Togashi³

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosci

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest

Komori¹,

Mitsui²,

Togashi³

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosci

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“…Sixteen studies were RCTs ( Bail et al, 2018 ; Bay-Richter et al, 2012 ; Bielinis et al, 2021 ; Brown et al, 2014 , Brown et al, 2020 ; Calogiuri et al, 2016 ; Gidlow et al, 2016 ; Han et al, 2018 ; Martens et al, 2011 ; Müller-Riemenschneider et al, 2020 ; Ng et al, 2018 ; Olafsdottir et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2015 , 2018 ; Van Den Berg et al, 2011 ; Vujcic et al, 2017 ); eighteen studies (19 papers) were controlled studies ( Bang et al, 2017 ; Barton et al, 2010 ; Berman et al, 2012 ; de Brito et al, 2019 ; Gerber et al, 2017 ; Hawkins et al, 2015 ; Holt et al, 2019 ; Johansson et al, 2011 ; Lanki et al, 2017 ; Lee et al, 2011 , Lee et al, 2014 ; Lucke et al, 2019 ; Lyu et al, 2019 ; Marselle et al, 2013 ; Oh et al, 2018 ; Sin-Ae et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Yao et al, 2017 ; Zeng et al, 2020 ); and sixteen studies were single group before and after designs ( Bettmann et al, 2017 ; Coventry et al, 2019 ; Furuyashiki et al, 2019 ; Gonzalez et al, 2011 ; Hall et al, 2018 ; Iwata et al, 2016 ; Kling et al, 2018 ; Korpela et al, 2016 ; Mackay et al, 2010 ; Marselle et al, 2016 ; McCaffrey et al, 2016 ; Mourão et al, 2019 ; Warber et al, 2015 ; Wilson et al, 2011 ; Wood et al, 2016 ; Wyles et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Coventry

Brown

Pervin

et al. 2021

SSM - Population Health

164

104

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Mental health problems are associated with lower quality of life, increased unscheduled care, high economic and social cost, and increased mortality. Nature-based interventions (NBIs) that support people to engage with nature in a structured way are asset-based solutions to improve mental health for community based adults. However, it is unclear which NBIs are most effective, or what format and dose is most efficacious. We systematically reviewed the controlled and uncontrolled evidence for outdoor NBIs. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020163103). Studies that included adults (aged ≥18 years) in community-based settings with or without mental and/or physical health problems were eligible for inclusion. Eligible interventions were structured outdoor activities in green and/or blue space for health and wellbeing. We searched ASSIA, CENTRAL, Embase, Greenfile, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science in October 2019; the search was updated in September 2020. We screened 14,321 records and included 50 studies. Sixteen studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs); 18 were controlled studies; and 16 were uncontrolled before and after studies. Risk of bias for RCTs was low to moderate; and moderate to high for controlled and uncontrolled studies. Random effects meta-analysis of RCTs showed that NBIs were effective for improving depressive mood −0.64 (95% CI: 1.05 to −0.23), reducing anxiety −0.94 (95% CI: 0.94 to −0.01), improving positive affect 0.95 (95% CI: 0.59 to 1.31), and reducing negative affect −0.52 (95% CI: 0.77 to −0.26). Results from controlled and uncontrolled studies largely reflected findings from RCTs. There was less evidence that NBIs improved physical health. The most effective interventions were offered for between 8 and 12 weeks, and the optimal dose ranged from 20 to 90 min. NBIs, specifically gardening, green exercise and nature-based therapy, are effective for improving mental health outcomes in adults, including those with pre-existing mental health problems.

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“…Five studies included measures related to well-being, quality of life, and mental health (Table 4). Four reported significant increases from the intervention [54,56,57,61], with significance levels of p ˂ 0.001–0.000, and one study found no significant effect [54].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack in evidence base is therefore mostly due to the low number of studies and generally low significance levels (31,33,42: p < 0.01–0.05). The effects on well-being and quality of life had high significance levels in the five measures showing positive significant increase ( p < 0.001–0.000) [54,56,57,61], and two of the studies also had large sample sizes (57: sample size 195; 56: sample size 935). However, these lacked control groups, which weakens the results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psycho-Physiological Stress Recovery in Outdoor Nature-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Past Eight Years of Research

Corazon

Sidenius

Poulsen

et al. 2019

IJERPH

184

129

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Background: In modern, urban daily life, natural environments are increasingly recognized as an important resource for stress recovery and general well-being. Aim: the present review aims to provide an overview and synthesis of the past eight years’ research into the psycho-physiological effects of outdoor nature-based interventions, related to stress recovery. Method: a structured search was performed in seven databases, returning 5618 articles. Removal of duplicates and initial screening gave a total of 95 studies. After full text reading, 36 studies were included in the assessment. Results: most of the psychological outcomes were related to different emotional measures. The synthesis of the results points towards outdoor, nature-based exposure having a positive effect on different emotional parameters, related to stress relief. The studies into physiological measures showed more equivocal results. Conclusion: the research, conducted over the past eight years, into outdoor, nature-based exposure has now attained a sound evidence base for psychological and especially emotional effects, but the evidence base for physiological effects within this timeframe shows a great degree of heterogeneity. Limitations: interpretation of the results is limited by the review only covering the past eight years’ research on the subject.

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The Effect of Reflective Garden Walking on Adults With Increased Levels of Psychological Stress

Abstract: Holistic nursing as a specialty should continue to explore the use of green spaces and nature on patients. More research is needed to increase the amount of evidence regarding spending time in nature and using reflection and journaling as a tool to reconnect with the natural environment.

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest

Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest

Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Psycho-Physiological Stress Recovery in Outdoor Nature-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Past Eight Years of Research

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