The Effect of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Coated Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft Material on Osteogenesis

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as bone graft materials on bone regeneration. The rGO-coated BCP bone graft material was fabricatied by mixing rGO and BCP at various concentrations. The surface charge of rGO-coated BCP was measured to be −14.43 mV, which formed a static electrostatic interaction. Cell viabilities were significantly diminished at higher concentrations of ≥100 μg/mL. The calvarial defects of 48 rats were implanted rGO-coated BCPs at a weight ratio of 2:1000 (rGO2), 4:1000 (rGO4), and 10:1000 (rGO10), repectively. BCP was used as a control group. The micro-CT and histological analysis were performed to evaluate new bone formation at 2 and 8 weeks after surgery. The results showed that the new bone volume (mm3) was significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. Histological analysis showed that new bone areas (%) were significantly higher in the rGO2 and rGO10 than in the control, and significantly higher in rGO4 than in the rGO2 and rGO10. Conclusively, the rGO-coated BCP was found to be effective on osteogenesis and the concentration of the composite was an important factor.

Graphene Family Materials in Bone Tissue Regeneration: Perspectives and Challenges

“…Similarly, a decreased number of cells was observed clearly with 200 μg/mL of GO and a greater cytotoxicity effect was reported with 300 μg/mL of GO [ 45 ]. What’s more, Kim et al found that preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) viabilities were slightly affected by rGO at concentrations < 62.5 μg/mL, but were significantly ( p < 0.05) diminished at higher concentrations (≥ 100 μg/mL) [ 23 ]. In addition, CXYG, GQDs both showed little cytotoxic potential when applied at low concentrations [ 34 , 46 ].…”

“…With the increasing research interests, materials of the graphene family, including graphene oxide (GO), carboxyl graphene (CXYG), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), are extensively studied. Graphene possesses exceptionally mechanical, conductive, thermal, and optical properties [ 23 – 25 ], which has been widely applied in electronics, biotechnology, and polymer science [ 26 ]. It is acknowledged that conductive materials with promising conductivity enhance cellular activities and stimulate bone tissue repair [ 27 , 28 ], exhibiting good antibacterial activity as well [ 29 ].…”

Dicalcium Phosphate Coated with Graphene Synergistically Increases Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro

“…Meanwhile, the DCP-rGO composites were charged at approximately −29.7 mV. It has been reported that the zeta potentials of rGO vary in the wide range from −25 to −35 mV [52,53]. In general, there are electrostatic repulsion between two materials having negative surface charges.…”

Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Functional Graphene Nanomaterials to Coated Substrates, Patterned Arrays and Hybrid Scaffolds

“…In particular, the biological effects of graphene nanomaterials have been reported to be strongly dependent on size, concentration, exposure time and cell type [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Therefore, many studies have been suggested to improve cell behaviors by coating graphene nanomaterials on substrates to minimize the influence of those various parameters ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Ryoo et al reported that the graphene nanomaterials, including GO and rGO, can be simply immobilized onto glass substrates treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) via electrostatic interactions between GO and amine groups on the substrates ( Figure 1 a) [ 44 ].…”

“…In addition to these, graphene-coated substrates or materials can be also applied for other biomedical applications, such as biosensor, implantable electrode, antibacterial system and composite graft material [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Several studies related to the other biomedical applications of graphene nanomaterial-coated substrates are summarized in Table 1 .…”