The effect of pulsed electron beam melting on microstructure, friction and wear of WC–Hadfield steel hard metal

Gnyusov, S. F.; Tarasov, S. Yu.; Ivanov, Yu. F.; Rothstein, V.

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2003.10.011

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It seems that the Co phase (green) took a larger area fraction than that of the starting material after one pulse of irradiation. It is reasonable to suggest that Co got evaporated to the surface from the sub-layer under HCPEB, and with the contact melting of WC and Co at the interface, nano precipitations of Co 3 W 9 C 4 and Co 3 W 3 C phases were formed as a result [14,16]. This is also consistent with the results observed in Figure 2.…”

Section: Fine Scale Microstructure Evolution Aspects With Ebsd and Temsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, with the development of modern industry, there is an increasing demand for tungsten carbides working under high-temperature and high-speed abrasive and wear conditions. Various surface treatments including pulsed electron beam have accordingly been used for the surface modification of tungsten carbides [3,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Especially for the WC-Co system materials, HCPEB treatment was demonstrated to be an efficient method to improve the surface microhardness and wear resistance [12,13,[16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Nanostructure and Metastable Phases at the Surface of a HCPEB-Treated WC-6% Co Hard Alloy with Increasing Irradiation Pulse Numbers

Zhang

Hao

et al. 2017

Coatings

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This work investigates the mechanisms of the microstructure evolution in the melted surface layers of a WC-6% Co hard alloy when increasing the number of pulses of irradiation by high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment. After one pulse of irradiation, about 50% of the stable hcp WC phase was melted and resolidified into the metastable fcc form (WC 1−x ). When increasing the numbers of pulse irradiation, the WC phase decomposed into ultrafine-grained WC 1−x plus nanosized graphite under our selected energy condition. Because of the rapidity of HCPEB carried under vacuum, the formation of the brittle W 2 C phase was avoided. In the initial Co-rich areas, where the Co was evaporated, melting and solidification led to the formation of nanostructures Co 3 W 9 C 4 and Co 3 W 3 C. The volume fraction of the nano domains containing WC 1−x , Co 3 W 9 C 4 , and Co 3 W 3 C phases reached its maximum after 20 pulses of irradiation. The improved properties after 20 pulses are therefore due to the presence of nano graphite that served as lubricant and dramatically decreased the friction coefficient, while the ultrafine-grained carbides and the nano domains contribute to the improvement of the surface microhardness and wear resistance.

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Section: Fine Scale Microstructure Evolution Aspects With Ebsd and Temsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Nanostructure and Metastable Phases at the Surface of a HCPEB-Treated WC-6% Co Hard Alloy with Increasing Irradiation Pulse Numbers

Zhang

Hao

et al. 2017

Coatings

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“…Pulsed melting of film-substrate systems allows one to produce metastable surface alloys with graded structure due to liquid-phase diffusion [3,5,6,[10][11][12][13][14][15]. Finally, a propagation of stress wave, caused by pulsed heating, can lead to forming the thick-(≥100 μm) hardened surface layer [2,3,6,16]. The interesting new results of investigation of the surface treatment of steels and alloys with LEHCEBs have been presented in [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modification and Alloying of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys with Low-Energy, High-Current Electron Beams

Ротштейн

Шулов

2011

Journal of Metallurgy

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The paper reviews the results of investigations of surface modification and alloying of Al, Ti, and its alloys with a low-energy (up to ∼40 keV), high-current (up to 25 J/cm 2 ) electron beams of microsecond duration under systematically varied conditions. The microstructural evolution of the surface layers of Al alloys (Al2024 and Al6061) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to pulsed melting as well as changes in surface-sensitive properties of these alloys are considered. Phase formation and properties of Albased and Ti-based surface alloys, synthesized by liquid-phase mixing of multilayer film-substrate systems in wide range of solid solubility, including [Al/Si]/Al, [Al/C]/Al, [Zr/Ti]/Ti-6Al-4V, and Al/Ti, are studied. In case of Ti-based substrates, this method allows to fabricate the single-phase nanocrystalline α-(TiZr) surface alloy, free of Al and V, as well as nanosized and ultrafine grain TiAl/Ti 3 Al-based surface alloys of thickness ≥3 μm with enhanced mechanical properties.

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“…3, were observed by us earlier on pulsed electron-beam melting of iron-base and aluminum-base alloys and also of WC-base hard alloys containing rather large second phase particles [5,15,16].…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 66%

Pulsed electron-beam melting of a copper — steel 316 system: Evolution of the chemical composition, microstructure, and properties

et al. 2005

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The surface topography, chemical composition, microstructure, nanohardness, and tribological characteristics of a Cu (film, 512 nm) -stainless steel 316 (substrate) system subjected to pulsed melting by a low-energy (20-30 keV), high-current electron beam (2-3 µs, 2-10 J/cm 2 ) were investigated. The film was deposited by sputtering a Cu target in the plasma of a microwave discharge in argon. To prevent local exfoliation of the film due to cratering, the substrate was multiply pre-irradiated with 8-10 J/cm 2 . On single irradiation, the bulk of the film survived, and a diffusion layer containing the film and substrate components was formed at the interface. The thickness of this layer was 120-170 nm irrespective of the energy density. The diffusion layer consisted of subgrains of γ-Fe solid solution and nanosized particles of copper. In the surface layer of thickness 0.5-1 µm, which included the copper film quenched from melt and the diffusion layer, the nanohardness and the wear resistance nonmonotonicly varied with energy density, reaching, respectively, a maximum and a minimum in the range 4.3-6.3 J/cm 2 . As the number of pulsed melting cycles was increased to five in the same energy density range, there occurred mixing of the film-substrate system and a surface layer of thickness ~2 µm was formed which contained ~20 at. % copper. Displacement of the excess copper during crystallization resulted in the formation of two-phase nanocrystal interlayers separating the γ-phase grains.

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The effect of pulsed electron beam melting on microstructure, friction and wear of WC–Hadfield steel hard metal

Cited by 41 publications

References 2 publications

Evolution of Nanostructure and Metastable Phases at the Surface of a HCPEB-Treated WC-6% Co Hard Alloy with Increasing Irradiation Pulse Numbers

Evolution of Nanostructure and Metastable Phases at the Surface of a HCPEB-Treated WC-6% Co Hard Alloy with Increasing Irradiation Pulse Numbers

Surface Modification and Alloying of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys with Low-Energy, High-Current Electron Beams

Pulsed electron-beam melting of a copper — steel 316 system: Evolution of the chemical composition, microstructure, and properties

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