The Effect of Price on the Consumption of Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes

Branstetter, Steven A.; Nye, Russell T.; Sipko, Joseph J; Muscat, Joshua E.

doi:10.1093/ntr/nty169

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Studies showed higher demand for regular cigarettes compared to VLNCs, particularly among more dependent smokers and those not motivated to quit. 45,46,60 However, there was a significant effect of cost, with increased cost of regular cigarettes (alongside a constant price of VLNCs) resulting in greater demand for VLNCs, 60,76 suggesting demand for VLNCs may increase as it becomes more difficult to obtain conventional cigarettes. A large double-blind RCT comparing usual brand cigarette with six different VLNC conditions found that reduced nicotine decreased the number of cigarettes people estimated they would smoke and increased the number of smokers who reported they would not smoke across a range of prices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis

Berman

Glasser

2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to “minimally or non-addictive levels.” However, important research gaps remain, and the FDA must determine when the available research is sufficient to support moving forward. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review of research articles in PubMed relating to nicotine reduction. Building on a review of risk assessment best practices, the authors also developed a risk assessment framework for tobacco regulation and used it to guide a gap analysis of nicotine reduction research. Results The final sample consisted of 78 articles. The majority examined either nicotine dependence on very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs) or markers of potential health effects of using VLNCs. One-third of the identified articles reported results from four large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). While these studies report promising results and suggest that a nicotine reduction rule would be a powerful tool to reduce cigarette smoking, our gap analysis suggests that there is a need for studies that better reflect the use and availability of a wide range of tobacco/nicotine products and the potential for dual- or multi-product use. Conclusion The current body of research on nicotine reduction is weighted towards RCTs, which is appropriate for a policy that has not yet been implemented anywhere in the world. The FDA must consider a wide range of factors that may impact a product standard’s public health impact, including those difficult to assess in RCTs, such as a nicotine reduction rule’s impact on smoking initiation and relapse. Implications This systematic review presents a gap analysis based on a risk assessment framework to help identify remaining research priorities to inform FDA’s potential product standard to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes. Quickly addressing those gaps would support the FDA’s effort to develop a nicotine reduction product standard that will be effective and withstand legal challenges.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis

Berman

Glasser

2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…These consumers tend to consume the same amount of nicotine on a daily basis to achieve desired effects, adjusting consumption to compensate for the difference in nicotine availability when using low-quality cigarettes [28,30]. These data are consolidated with the survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Ethics in Competition [2], which points out that smuggled cigarette consumers consume two more units per day compared to legal cigarette consumers.…”

Section: Application Of the Optimized Methods To Real Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco Smuggled to Brazil by Modified QuEChERS Methodology

Domingues

Kordiak

Pedroso

et al. 2022

Orbital: Electron. J. Chem.

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The study of cigarette authenticity in Brazil is important due to increasing consumption of contraband cigarettes. Nicotine concentration is an important parameter reflecting the quality of tobacco used in the production of these cigarettes. Simple methods for this determination, which produce reduced waste, are environmentally and industrially important. The nicotine concentration of smuggled cigarette tobacco was determined by the QuEChERS method, requiring some modifications, such as decreasing the volume of the extractor solvent, changes in pH, and removal of the sample hydration step. Quantification was performed by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The Doehlert matrix design was used to optimize the method. The extraction recoveries ranged from 97.5% to 99.6%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 2.5% and limits of detection and quantification of 0.6 mg L-1 and 2.5 mg L-1, respectively. The method was sensitive and accurate for the detection and quantification of nicotine. The nicotine concentration in contraband cigarettes was found to be lower than that observed in legal cigarettes. The method was successfully applied to real samples of smuggled and legal cigarettes, providing a robust method for routine analysis and proving the need for more studies on quality control of smuggled cigarettes in Brazil.

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“…Similarly, low nicotine cigarettes maintain higher breakpoints on progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement relative to not smoking (Rusted et al, 1998;Donny et al, 2007). Finally, when using purchase tasks to assess the economic demand of simultaneously available low and normal nicotine content cigarettes, escalating the price of regular nicotine content cigarettes increases the demand for low nicotine cigarettes presented at a fixed price (Johnson, Bickel, & Kirshenbaum, 2004;Higgins et al, 2017b;Branstetter et al, 2019). This cross-product elasticity suggests the relative value of low nicotine cigarettes is not zero and may increase as usual cigarettes become more difficult to acquire.…”

Section: Limited Spontaneous Cessation Observed After Extended Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the relative value of cigarettes: Considerations for nicotine and non-nicotine factors

2020

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Despite notable progress in recent decades, cigarette smoke persists as a leading cause of premature death and preventable disease. To weaken the link between nicotine reinforcement and the toxicity associated with combusted tobacco, the United States Food and Drug Administration is considering a product standard targeting cigarette nicotine content. In this review, we summarize research assessing the potential impacts of reducing nicotine in cigarettes. Evidence to date suggests cigarette smoking, toxicant exposure and dependence would decline following substantial reductions in nicotine content. However, reduced nicotine content may not eliminate smoking entirely. Regulatory efforts that shape the nicotine and tobacco marketplace should consider that non-nicotine reinforcing factors and decision-making biases can contribute to the value of smoking. The impact of reducing nicotine in cigarettes will likely depend on the alternative nicotine products available to current smokers.

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The Effect of Price on the Consumption of Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis

Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis

Determination of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco Smuggled to Brazil by Modified QuEChERS Methodology

Reducing the relative value of cigarettes: Considerations for nicotine and non-nicotine factors

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