The effect of pre-natal Cannabis Sativa on maze learning ability in the rat

Gianutsos, Gerald; Abbatiello, Elvera R.

doi:10.1007/bf00439370

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The result with ,il-THC has been confirmed (125), treatment of rats on days 10-12 of pregnancy producing a higher proportion of abnormal births and a fall in bir t h weight, but no deformity; in addition there was no impairment in behavioral tests of the progeny at the age of 16 and 20 days. In a test using a crude cannabis extract on days 8-11 of pregnancy in rats, again no deformity was seen, and there was a modest reduction in litter size; but at 65 days, learning by the offspring in a Lashley maze was impaired (126). Studies of maternal and fetal heart rate and EEG in guinea pigs during exposure of the mother to marijuana smoke showed considerable changes, but are hard to interpret in the absence of blood gas studies (l26a).…”

Section: Patonmentioning

confidence: 92%

Pharmacology of Marijuana

Patón¹

1975

Annu. Rev. Pharmacol.

114

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·: ·6617This review is concerned primarily with the papers that have appeared since the end of 1972 subsequent to the material in the book by Nahas (1) and the review volumes edited by Mechoulam (2) and by Gibbins et al (3). The main new developments have been in the biochemistry of cannabis metabolites, in cellular and toxicological effects, and in a widening of human studies. CHEMICAL ASPECTSStructure-Action Relationships (4,5,6) Variations in potency among cannabinoids by a factor of over 2000 are now recorded, which allow considerable scope for structure-action studies. But estimates of relative potency remain difficult to make because of the variability among subjects (whether animals or humans). At a deeper level, little work has been done to assess how far variations in potency reflect differences in pharmacokinetics or in metabo lism (with possible formation both of active and inactive metabolites), as against differences in effect at the ultimate site(s) of action. In addition, many of the structures involved have several isomers and are usually tested as mixtures. Finally, pharmacological study has not been sufficiently detailed to exclude major differences in type of action between the various substances. This may be important, since trial of I, l-dimethylheptyl-�3-THC (DMHP) in man showed that, while it produces pronounced tachycardia and hypotension in man, it has no psychic effect (7). The same may be true of other compounds tested only in animals.Subject to these qualifications, the following provisional generalizations may be made, characterizing the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) molecule as possessing three rings, terpenoid, pyran, and aromatic and using the terpenoid nomenclature.

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Section: Patonmentioning

confidence: 92%

Pharmacology of Marijuana

Patón¹

1975

Annu. Rev. Pharmacol.

114

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“…The original discovery work in this field was plagued by methodological and translational issues that detracted from the overall significance of the experimental results, including the role of maternal toxicity in producing false-positives on behavioral assessments in exposed offspring (Hutchings and Dow-Edwards, 1991). With that said, impairments in learning abilities were among the earliest reported effects of prenatal cannabis exposure (Fried, 1976; Gianutsos and Abbatiello, 1972). More contemporary research with preclinical species has demonstrated that maternal oral exposure to 5 mg/kg/day THC during pregnancy produces measurable deficits in learning and short-term olfactory memory in exposed offspring (Campolongo et al, 2007).…”

Section: Insights From Experimental Work With Preclinical Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis use during pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and effects on child development

Grant

Petroff

Isoherranen

et al. 2018

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

188

159

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The broad-based legalization of cannabis use has created a strong need to understand its impact on human health and behavior. The risks that may be associated with cannabis use, particularly for sensitive subgroups such as pregnant women, are difficult to define because of a paucity of dose-response data and the recent increase in cannabis potency. Although there is a large body of evidence detailing the mode of action of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in adults, little work has focused on understanding how cannabis use during pregnancy may impact the development of the fetal nervous system and whether additional plant-derived cannabinoids might participate. This manuscript presents an overview of the historical and contemporary literature focused on the mode of action of THC in the developing brain, comparative pharmacokinetics in both pregnant and nonpregnant model systems and neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed offspring. Despite growing public health significance, pharmacokinetic studies of THC have focused on nonpregnant adult subjects and there are few published reports on disposition parameters during pregnancy. Data from preclinical species show that THC readily crosses the placenta although fetal exposures appear lower than maternal exposures. The neurodevelopmental data in human and preclinical species suggest that prenatal exposure to THC may lead to subtle, persistent changes in targeted aspects of higher-level cognition and psychological well-being. There is an urgent need for well-controlled studies in humans and preclinical models on THC as a developmental neurotoxicant. Until more information is available, pregnant women should not assume that using cannabis during pregnancy is safe.

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“…Both Borgen et al (1973) and Fried (1976a) observed weight gain reduction in treated offspring fostered to untreated mothers and thus, the effects were attributed to a direct prenatal drug action on the developing fetus. However, Gianutsos and Abbatiello (1972; 250 mg/ kg of cannabis extract administered on Days 8-1 1 of gestation) and Wright et al (1976;up to 5 mg/ kg THC given prior to and during gestation) reported birth weight and growth rate up to young adulthood (65 days) to be unaffected by the drug. The ontogenetic appearance of several physiological features and reflexes has been shown to be delayed by prenatal cannabinoid treatments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…CHARLEBOIS AND FRIED deaths occurring if the timing of the administration of the drug is early in gestation (Harbison & Mantilla-Plata, 1972;Persaud & Ellington, 1967 as opposed to late (Gianutsos & Abbatiello, 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of nutrition and cannabis upon rat perinatal development

Charlebois

Fried

1980

Developmental Psychobiology

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In order to examine the effects of cannabinoids, malnutrition, and their possible interaction upon the developing rat fetus, female Wistar rats were exposed to cannabis smoke, placebo smoke, or no smoke while concurrently consuming 1 of 3 diets differing in protein concentration (8%, 24%, 64%). Both the diet and drug treatments were administered 20 days prior to and throughout gestation. Of the 12 variables affected by the low-protein diet, 8 were significantly potentiated when undernutrition was combined with cannabis treatment. Some dependent variables that were not altered either by the low-protein diet or by cannabis inhalation were affected by the combination of treatments. These included a lengthened gestation period, an increase in occurrence of stillbirths and litter destruction, and decreased activity in the rat pups. Cannabis coupled with a standard protein diet resulted in a number of developmental indices being delayed but combining the drug with an enriched protein diet ameliorated these effects. The evidence also suggests that the administration of cannabis both before and during gestation resulted in a degree of tolerance to some aspects of the drug effects.

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The effect of pre-natal Cannabis Sativa on maze learning ability in the rat

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Pharmacology of Marijuana

Pharmacology of Marijuana

Cannabis use during pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and effects on child development

Interactive effects of nutrition and cannabis upon rat perinatal development

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