The effect of positive reappraisal on the availability of self-control resources and self-regulated learning*

Emotion Regulation, Effort and Fatigue: Complex Issues Worth Investigating

“…In line with the evidence reviewed above, as self-control in the domain of emotion-similarly to self-control in other domainsis also associated with the feelings of fatigue and effort (e.g., Sheppes and Meiran, 2007;Webb et al, 2012;Wong et al, 2017;Visser et al, 2018;Stiller et al, 2019) and is based on executive control processes (Zelazo and Cunningham, 2007;Schmeichel and Tang, 2015;Pruessner et al, 2020), it seems reasonable to study the effortful characteristics of ER in the context of the same motivational, attentional and goal-related processes. Following the proposed psychological models of ego-depletion and/or mental fatigue, prolonged engagement in effortful ER can potentially be accompanied by (1) shifting attentional focus, away from the cues signaling the need to restrain impulsive or habitual behavior, and toward the cues signaling gratification; (2) decreasing motivation for continual engagement in the effortful self-control, and-on the flip side-increasing motivation to behave impulsively or habitually (Inzlicht and Schmeichel, 2012;Inzlicht et al, 2014); (3) decreased activation of the longterm goals, in favor of the short-term ones (Herlambang et al, 2021b); (4) automatic cost-opportunity calculations leading one to diminish their investment in self-control exertion (Kurzban et al, 2013).…”

“…The field of research on ER has grown rapidly, which is not surprising, if one takes into account the multitude of beneficial effects of efficient self-regulation of emotion on wellbeing, quality of social bonds, as well as education, learning and academic achievement (Gross and John, 2003 ; Graziano et al, 2007 ; Kraiss et al, 2020 ; Preece et al, 2021 ). Previous research points to the fact that, at least in some circumstances, ER requires significant effort to be exerted, which can affect its efficiency (e.g., Sheppes and Meiran, 2007 ; Webb et al, 2012 ; Stiller et al, 2019 ). This is especially the case for explicit and intentional ER of one's emotion (which is the focus of the current work) as automatic and implicit ER can potentially be applied with no significant effort (van Dellen et al, 2012 ).…”

Psychophysiological Effects of Downregulating Negative Emotions: Insights From a Meta-Analysis of Healthy Adults

“…For example, the meta-analysis of pupil dilation during reappraisal (see Figure S8) revealed that one study (Bebko et al, 2011), which received a strong weight in the analysis, found a significant decrease in pupil diameter during reappraisal, while other studies found an increase in pupil diameter (e.g., van Reekum et al, 2007;Urry et al, 2009;Strauss et al, 2016). Similarly, our meta-analysis on heart rate during suppression (see Figure S17) revealed that studies found mean heart rate acceleration in response to suppression (e.g., Hagemann et al, 2006;Stiller et al, 2019), whereas other studies found a heart rate deceleration (Kunzmann et al, 2005;Gross, 2011, 2015). Therefore, the second aim of the present work was to explore the impact of methodological differences using several moderators (trial duration, nature of emotion induction, nature of control instruction, study design).…”

The High School Competencies Scale (H-Comp Scale): A First Validation Study

“…Self-regulatory abilities: reaction to failures and emotional control . Reaction to failure and emotional control can be included among the self-regulatory abilities, that in a social cognitive framework—as previously found [ 1 ]—comprise (a) setting specific goals; (b) using task strategies such as elaborating, organizing, and rehearsing; (c) having high levels of self-efficacy and intrinsic interest; and (d) self-monitoring and self-reflecting on performance outcomes [ 22 , 23 ]. Reaction to failure and emotional control pertains to the last point.…”