The effect of polar soil components on the phase inversion temperature and optimum detergency conditions

Raney, Kirk H.; Benson, Herbert L

doi:10.1007/bf02540479

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Oily soil detergency was evaluated with hexadecane as a model soil, which represents the hydrocarbon part of the oily soils present on fabrics, with 10 wt% oleic acid added. This not only adds another important component to the model soil but also helps lower the phase inversion temperature, thus facilitating the observation of critical phenomena (11). Particulate soil detergency has been evaluated with carbon soot, which is one of the main contributors to dirt on fabrics in countries where environmental pollution levels are high.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phase behavior and detergency study of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates with high ethylene oxide content

Goel

2000

J Surfact & Detergents

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Nonionic surfactants such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates have been extensively used in many detergent applications, because of their high calcium ion tolerance, low critical micelle concentrations, and mildness. Although ethoxylates containing high ethylene oxide (EO) content (EO > 10 moles) score higher than their low-EO counterparts on many of these desired properties, they have not been studied adequately in the context of detergency, primarily because their cloud points (CP) are higher than normal wash temperatures, typically >100°C, and thus cannot be measured. However, once the CP are manipulated appropriately using salting-out electrolytes, these surfactants can offer certain distinct advantages in terms of their molecular and phase structure. We have studied the phase structure and clouding behavior of tetradecyl ethylene-oxide mono dodecyl alcohol (C 12 EO 14 ), a broad-range ethoxylate, as a function of the concentrations of various electrolytes. We found that, beyond a certain critical concentration, the CP decreases monotonically with increasing salt concentration. For sodium salts of various anions, the CP depression is inversely proportional to the lyotropic number of the anion. Similarly, for chloride salts of various cations, CP depression is inversely proportional to the lyotropic number of the cation. However, the effect of changing anion is stronger than that of changing cation. A micrograph of a water penetration scan at room temperature indicates the presence of isotropic L 1 ; hexagonal, isotropic L 2 ; and solid phases with increasing surfactant concentration. As is the case with low-EO nonionics, a maximum in detergency of model oily soils was found to correlate well with the minimum in oil/water interfacial tension when plotted vs. temperature. Ross Miles foam height increases with increasing concentration of salt.Fatty alcohol ethoxylates are an important class of nonionic surfactants used in detergent applications because of their low price, high calcium ion tolerance, high solubilization capacity for oily soils, mildness, and biodegradability (1). Within this category of surfactants, one can synthesize a range of homologs having the formula C x (EO) y , either by varying x, the carbon chain length of the fatty alcohol, or by varying y, the number of ethylene oxide (EO) units condensed on the fatty alcohol. If both these parameters are varied in the same direction, one gets a range of different molecular weights of alcohol ethoxylates having comparable hydrophilicity and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (2). On the other hand, if any one of x and y is varied holding the other constant, a range of ethoxylates with varying HLB is obtained. Although a large variety of such surfactants is commercially available, their main application has been limited to serving as emulsifiers in personalcare, agricultural, or pharmaceutical products. Commercial usage in detergents has been limited primarily to lauryl alcohol ethoxylates with less than nine moles of EO; generally compounds with three, sev...

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Phase behavior and detergency study of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates with high ethylene oxide content

Goel

2000

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…In this regard, a dipping probe turbidimeter system has been used to measure rates of dissolution of both AOS 1416 and 1418 powders as a function of particle size. With this apparatus, a fiber optic probe is used to measure turbidity (as % light absorbance) within a well-stirred solution as a function of time (19). Figure 18 shows the turbidity trace after addition of 0.3 g of the 150-250 µm fraction of AOS 1418 to 100 mL deionized water at 20°C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of high‐active alpha olefin sulfonates in laundry powders

Raney

Shpakoff

Passwater

1998

J Surfact & Detergents

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Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been used successfully for many years in laundry and personal-care products throughout Asia. Among their documented positive attributes are good cleaning and high foaming in both soft and hard water, rapid biodegradability, and good skin mildness. AOS has commonly been marketed as approximately 40%-active aqueous solutions. However, with the increased importance of compact powder detergents produced by processes other than spray drying, high-active forms of AOS including 70%-active pastes and 90+%-active powders are now being utilized for that product sector. In this regard, the rheological properties of non-Newtonian AOS and AOS/additive pastes at relevant process temperatures were measured and found potentially suitable for agglomeration processes. Also, the relationship of AOS powder particle size to surfactant solubility at various wash conditions was examined to allow determination of the optimal size for both detergency and processing of laundry powders. Both paste rheology and powder morphology are critical factors for the successful use of high-active AOS in compact powder detergents. JSD 1, 361-369 (1998). KEY WORDS:Alpha olefin sulfonate, detergent, powder, surfactant.Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) are obtained by direct sulfonation of alpha olefins (AO) of varying chain lengths to form complex mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkane sulfonate isomers. Several references describe the process chemistry for AOS production (1,2). Purity of the commercial AO feedstock is critical for obtaining high-quality AOS. For example, trace impurities such as di-olefins can lead to color formation during the sulfonation process. Also, high levels of paraffins lower the yield of active surfactant. Of particular importance for AOS used in powder detergent formulations, high levels of branched and internal olefins lead to reduced detergency and powder formulations with reduced flowability (2). Table 1 shows a comparison of olefin compositions obtained from three different ethylene-based olefin production processes and their positive and negative attributes when used as feedstock for AOS production. The advantages of using feedstocks containing high levels of normal AO are clearly evident. A detailed description of the three AO production processes may be found elsewhere (3).The sodium salts of AOS have been used for many years as anionic surfactants in a variety of industrial, personalcare, and household-cleaning applications. Beneficial attributes of AOS include good cleaning and foaming properties in both soft and hard water, mildness to skin, and rapid biodegradability. Household applications include laundry and dish detergents, and personal-care applications include shampoos and liquid hand soaps. In Asia, particularly Japan and Korea, AOS has commonly been used in laundry powders. For production of low-density powders in spray towers, 40%-active aqueous solutions are suitable for use. However, with the increasing market share of compact powder detergents, new high-active forms of AOS w...

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“…The solution turbidity was monitored with a PC800 (Brinkmann Instruments Ltd., Toronto, Canada) dipping probe colorimeter (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates—Mild, high‐foaming surfactants for personal‐care products

Schmidt

Durante

Gingell

et al. 1997

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates (AEC) may be derived from alcohol ethoxylates (AEO) either by reaction of the nonionic surfactant with monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) or by oxidation. If MCAA is used, a -CH 2 COOH unit is added to the AEO. When an AEO is oxidized, the terminal -CH 2 OH group is selectively converted to -COOH. By use of proprietary carefully controlled oxidation technology, a variety of AEC surfactants have been synthesized. These surfactants exhibit good foaming and excellent lime soap dispersion, and they allow formulation of high-quality personal-care products. Starter formulations have been investigated with AEC, both in shampoos and liquid hand cleaners. These formulations had the viscosity and foaming found in a survey of commercially available products. A shampoo and a liquid soap formulation with AEC were subjected to in-vitro assays to assess the potential for irritation to the skin or eyes. The assay results predict these formulations to cause minimal irritation, similar to commercial products. JAOCS 74, 25-31 (1997).

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The effect of polar soil components on the phase inversion temperature and optimum detergency conditions

Cited by 37 publications

References 16 publications

Phase behavior and detergency study of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates with high ethylene oxide content

Phase behavior and detergency study of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates with high ethylene oxide content

Use of high‐active alpha olefin sulfonates in laundry powders

Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates—Mild, high‐foaming surfactants for personal‐care products

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