The effect of physical training on glutamate transporter expression in an experimental ischemic stroke rat model

Abstract

Objective: The present study was aimed at determining the effect of physical training on glutamate transporter activity in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemia injury rat model. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, we randomly divided them into three groups. Group I included non-occlusion sham controls (n=10), Group II included non-physical training after MCAO (n=10), and Group III included rats that were subjected to physical training after MCAO (n=10). Rats in the physical training group underwent treadmill training, which began at 24 h after MCAO and continued for 14 consecutive days. The training intensity was gradually increased from 5 m/min on the first day to 12 m/min on day 3, and it was maintained until day 14. Focal cerebral ischemia was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by using the MCAO model. We determined the functional outcomes for each rat on days 1, 7, and 14. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) activity in the cortex of rats from all three groups was examined at the end of the experiment. Results: Out result show that MCAO rats exhibited severe neurological deficits on the 1 day, and there was no statistically significant in each groups. We observed that the functional outcomes were improved at days 7 and 14 after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and GLT-1 activity was increased in the physical training group (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicated that physical training after focal cerebral ischemia exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury by improving motor performance and increasing the levels of GLT-1 activity.

Central Glutamatergic-Purinergic System Importance in Brain/Neural Plasticity

“…These authors also identified a significant reduction in the microglial density in the brains of fractalkine/knockout mice receptors (CX3CLI) compared with littermate controls during postnatal weeks 2 to 3; during this period, the dendritic spine density of the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). These data propose that microglia plays a key roles in the conformational plasticity in development via the fractalkine/fractalkine receptor and the classical complement cascades [10].…”

“…Physical exercise promotes neural cell survival mechanisms, while suppressing the neural apoptotic tract, for example during stroke by bettering motor enforcement and enhancement the glutamate transporter (GLT-1) expression and activeness, which modifies the neuronal circuitry of the brain [10]. Additional physical exercise increases the neural plasticity and the activity of neural tracts.…”

Human-to-human closed-loop control based on brain-to-brain interface and muscle-to-muscle interface

“…In the rehabilitation field, MMI is generally introduced by using electromyography (EMG) for functional electrical stimulation (FES) control 7 . In previous studies, EMG-controlled FES was mostly applied to muscles of one and the same subject for rehabilitation 8 . Recently, EMG-controlled FES was used in a master-slave paradigm between two persons, indicating as well that MMI can be a feasible information transfer approach for human-to-human control 2 .…”