The Effect of Physical Disturbance, Sound and Light on the Incidence of Blood Spots and Other Egg Quality Factors

Stiles, Philip; Dawson, L. E.

doi:10.3382/ps.0400189

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Restricted feeding of developing egg-type pullets had no significant effect on laying period egg specific gravity (149, 270 (284) or lowered egg production (285,286) in chickens, egg specific gravity has been significantly increased ; although, after seven months of lay egg shell thickness was not affected by a growing period restricted light program (287). Intermittent light-dark periods at 15 minute intervals, a 24-hour light day and intermittent light-dark periods of 1.75 hours light and 1-25 hours dark had no effect on egg shell thickness (288). In a study with turkey breeder hens all night light increased the percentage of waste eggs ; but the time of lay was also altered (289).…”

Section: Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing Egg Shell Quality—A Review

Wolford

Tanaka

1970

World's Poultry Science Journal

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Japan ACTORS influencing egg shell quality have been investigated by F numerous researchers. This article is presented in an attempt to share a comprehensive, but not all-inclusive, review of factors, except genetic, influencing egg shell quality. The review was done in conjunction with an investigation concerning a cracked egg problem in caged turkey breeder hens (1, 2).A review of the various techniques and devices which have been used to evaluate shell quality has not been included because of recent published reviews (3,4,). However, despite the conclusion (4) that the reported methods have not measured true shell strength, the published information on factors influencing egg shell quality is of significant value to the practical researcher because egg shell thickness (5-lo), egg shell weight (11) and egg specific gravity (12, 13) have been correlated with crack incidence. NUTRITIONCalcium & Phosphorus: Egg shell quality of chickens whether measured by specific gravity, shell thickness, shell smoothness, breaking strength, percentage of cracks or shell appearance has been reported to be influenced by dietary calcium (14-60). Low dietary calcium levels, less than 2-0 per cent, significantly decreased egg shell quality in chickens increased egg shell thickness and egg specific gravity; although no effect has been observed in chickens (61-70) and in turkeys (2, 71, 72).The dietary calcium source (15, 73-83) and method (62, 84) of feeding calcium to chickens has been investigated. Feeding oyster .Completed while on sabbatical leave at Gifu University. Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan. 163improve egg shell quality. Although, zinc proteinate has been shown to increase the percentage of shell (128). Dietary manganese levels below 20 parts per million decreased chicken egg shell quality (21, 109, 129, 130); but levels in excess of 71 parts per million have not influenced chicken (109) or turkey (131) egg shell quality.Other chemical elements such as ammonium chloride (30,121, 132-134) and hydrochloric acid (1 34) have decreased the thickness and specific gravity of chicken eggs when incorporated into the diet at the 1.5 to 2.0 per cent level. Sodium bicarbonate, at the 1.0 per cent level, in the diet of chickens increased the egg specific gravity and egg shell thickness (135,136 ); although others have reported that 0.5 per cent (20, 137), 1.0 per cent (20,42, 132) and 2.0 per cent (132) was ineffective. A 0.25 per cent sodium bicarbonate level in the drinking water of laying chickens increased the shell thickness when fed a low sodium chloride diet; but no effect was observed when the diet contained 0.25 or 1.0 per cent sodium chloride (138). Protein & Energy:Neither the dietary protein level (58, 120, 139-146), 15 to 21 per cent, protein source (42, 120, 121, 147-150), fish, animal or vegetable products nor amino acid supplementation (65, 141, 151), methionine or lysine, has been reported to influence the egg shell quality of chickens.Energy source (31, 121, 122,(152)(153)(154), corn, barley, wheat, oats, animal fat or veg...

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Section: Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing Egg Shell Quality—A Review

Wolford

Tanaka

1970

World's Poultry Science Journal

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“…The inclusion of blood spots in eggs is a natural phenomenon occurring during ovulation, when the follicle is ruptured and a small blood hemorrhage resides, which may enter the oviduct together with the follicle and reside with the egg yolk. Furthermore, during albumen synthesis in the oviduct, the meat spots, which can be either shell pigments, blood coagulum, or tissue, reside with the egg albumen [ 25 , 26 ]. Their level was very low in the eggs from layer genotype D (5.2 and 0.7%, respectively), while in the dual-purpose genotypes A–C higher meat (12–16%) and blood (5–25%) spot frequencies were observed and have been ascribed to a lack of genetic selection in breeding to avoid them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Hammershøj

Kristiansen

Steenfeldt

2021

Foods

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Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

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Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying strains of hens

Hester

2005

Poultry Science

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Discoveries in behavior and welfare science have improved the health and well-being of egg laying flocks of chickens. The objectives of this review are to highlight research findings in genetics, health, environment, molting, morphological alterations, euthanasia, handling during depopulation, transportation, and harvesting to improve poultry welfare and to provide examples of additional opportunities to continue this progress. Although selection for disease resistance has improved the welfare of birds, use of genetic marker technologies may eventually advance the selection of healthier birds with fewer metabolic disease and cannibalistic tendencies. Animal health and welfare have been improved through development of vaccines, establishment of stringent biosecurity measures, and training of animal caretakers. Industry is currently making adjustments in bird space allocations to allow for less crowded conditions. Continued research in molting shows promise to avoid feed withdrawal regimens for laying hens. Beak trimming by trained personnel improves livability, reduces cannibalism, and should be used when nonaggressive strains are unavailable and when light intensity cannot be controlled. Extension specialists and veterinarians provide information on proper procedures for euthanasia. New systems for euthanasia of spent hens are being implemented by egg producers. New opportunities exist for use of enrichments in production facilities to offer environmental complexity. Further research on how sound and odors affect birds could provide new avenues for improving production systems.

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The Effect of Physical Disturbance, Sound and Light on the Incidence of Blood Spots and Other Egg Quality Factors

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Factors Influencing Egg Shell Quality—A Review

Factors Influencing Egg Shell Quality—A Review

Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying strains of hens

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