The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on the Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Characteristics of Phellinus noxius

Abstract

Abstract:In this study, the effect of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) on morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of Phellinus noxius has been investigated, and the potential antifungal mechanism of PCA against P. noxius was also explored. The results revealed that PCA showed in vitro antifungal potential against P. noxius and completely inhibited P. noxius hyphae at concentrations >40 µg/mL. PCA inhibited both mycelial growth and the loss of mycelial biomass in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological changes in PCA-treated P. noxius hyphae, such as irregularly swollen mycelia as well as short hyphae with increased septation and less branching, were observed by optical microscopy. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased in PCA-treated P. noxius cells as compared to control groups. Induced hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), repressed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and up-regulated gene expression of seven tested genes were also found in PCA-treated P. noxius groups. Thus, the present results suggested that the mechanism of action of PCA against P. noxius might be attributed to direct damage of mycelium and high intracellular ROS production, and indirect induction of genes involved in cell detoxification, oxidation-reduction process, and electron transport of the respiratory chain.

The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on Mycelial Growth of Botrytis cinerea Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV Strain

“…When the PCA was tested no effect was observed against bacteria. However, PCA showed fungicide effect which is observed in others studies ( Puopolo et al, 2013 ; Huang et al, 2016 ).…”

Comparative and population genomic landscape of Phellinus noxius: A hypervariable fungus causing root rot in trees

“…In West Africa and China, brown root rot was reported as the most devastating root disease attacking the rubber plantations (Nandris et al., ). Trees in urban areas and plantation forests in Hong Kong and Macao have also been seriously affected (Huang, Sun, Bi, Zhong, & Hu, ; Wu et al., ). Field observations support the root‐to‐root spread as a major transmission mode of the epidemic.…”

Transcriptome alteration in Phytophthora infestans in response to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid production by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain LBUM223

“…[ 22 , 24 , 32 ]. Generally, due to its nitrogen-containing heterocyclic composition, PCA is mainly described as promoting redox reactions and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), of which the accumulation leads to a reduction in energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, and nutrient uptake [ 33 , 34 ]. The capacity of PCA to specifically alter the expression of key genes involved in biological functions of interest in P. infestans has however, to our knowledge, never been demonstrated before.…”