The effect of pH and composition of sulfuric–oxalic acid mixture on the self-ordering configuration of high porosity alumina nanohole arrays

Kashi, M. Almasi; Ramazani, A.; Rahmandoust, Moones; Noormohammadi, Mohammad

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/40/15/040

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(27 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Sulfuric/oxalic [92][93][94] and oxalic/phosphoric [95] acid mixtures were recently reported for the porous oxide formation. The oxide films formed by these mixed electrolytes exhibit intermediate properties of the electrolytes used.…”

Section: Other Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Anodizing of aluminum and its alloys is widely investigated and used for corrosion protection, electronic devices, and micro-/nanostructure fabrication. Anodizing of aluminum in acidic solutions causes formation of porous aluminum oxide films, which consists of numerous hexagonal cells perpendicular to the aluminum substrate, and each cell has nanoscale pores at its center. Recently, highly ordered porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for various novel nanoapplications. In this review article, we introduce the fundamentals of anodic oxide films including barrier and porous oxides. Then, we summarize the electrolyte species used so far for porous oxide fabrication and describe the self-ordering conditions during anodizing in these electrolyte solutions. Fabrication of highly ordered porous oxides through the vertical section can be achieved by a two-step anodizing and nanoimprint technique. Various nanoapplications based on the ordered porous oxide are also introduced.

show abstract

Section: Other Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ordered anodic porous alumina is most commonly obtained by anodizing at voltage values close to these ordering voltages. In addition, advanced anodizing procedures involving effective experimental approaches, including hard anodizing [18][19][20][21] and the use of an electrolyte mixture [22][23][24], have been reported by several research groups to increase the self-ordering voltage and the corresponding cell diameter of self-ordered anodic porous alumina. Such anodic porous alumina is widely used in various nanoscience and engineering applications, including plasmonic devices [25,26], anti-reflection sheets [27,28], photonic crystals [29,30], diodes [31], nanocontainers [32], nanofilters [33,34], gas sensors [35][36], and magnetic nanomaterials [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Self-Ordered Porous Alumina via Etidronic Acid Anodizing and Structural Color Generation from Submicrometer-Scale Dimple Array

Kikuchi

Nishinaga

Natsui

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a large-scale cell diameter was successfully fabricated via anodizing in a new electrolyte, etidronic acid (1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid). High-purity aluminum specimens were anodized in a 0.3 M etidronic acid solution under constant current density and voltage conditions. Etidronic acid anodizing at 210 to 270 V at the appropriate temperature caused the anodic porous alumina to exhibit self-ordering behavior, and periodic nanostructures measuring 530 to 670 nm in cell diameter were fabricated on the aluminum substrate. The self-ordering voltage and the corresponding cell diameter could be increased without burning by systematically increasing the stepwise voltage. Two-step etidronic acid anodizing without nanoimprinting can easily yield the formation of highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a large-scale cell diameter. A submicrometer-scale dimple array fabricated via etidronic acid anodizing and subsequent selective oxide dissolution gave rise to bright structural color with a rainbow distribution.Keywords: Anodizing; Etidronic Acid; Anodic Porous Alumina; Self-Ordering; Structural Color 3 IntroductionAnodizing aluminum and its alloys in acidic electrolyte solutions results in the formation of porous anodic oxide films (anodic porous alumina) with numerous nanometer-scale pores [1][2][3]. Most importantly, anodic porous alumina is self-ordered when anodized under the appropriate electrochemical conditions in a given acidic solution, and consequently, high-aspect-ratio anodic porous alumina with an ideal cell arrangement can be easily obtained [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the self-ordering anodizing, it is well known that the cell diameter of the anodic porous alumina, D, is strongly related to the self-ordering voltage, U s : a) D = 50-60 nm at U s = 19-25 V for sulfuric acid [10,11], b) 100 nm at 40 V for oxalic acid [4,11,12] [35][36], and magnetic nanomaterials [37].Because the cell diameter of self-ordered porous alumina fabricated by typical anodizing in aqueous solutions is limited to approximately 500 nm at 200 V [5,18], larger cell diameters that correspond to visible-light wavelengths ranging between 500 nm and 800 nm are required to expand the applicability of porous alumina in the field of optics. Malic acid anodizing provides a relatively high anodizing voltage and, consequently, a larger cell diameter, D = 300-800 nm at 200-350 V [38,39]. However, to date, ordered anodic porous alumina has not been obtained by malic acid anodizing. As an alternative electrolyte for high-voltage anodizing, citric acid has also been investigated by several research groups [39][40][41][42]. Citric acid anodizing operates over an anodizing voltage range of approximately 260-540 V. However, non-uniform black oxides are easily formed by a phenomenon called "burning" during citric acid anodizing because of localized breakdown under high electric fields, and it is difficult to obtain high-aspect-ratio ordered porous alumina. Therefore, ethylene glycol mixture soluti...

show abstract

“…Sulfuric (H 2 SO 4 ) [31], oxalic ((COOH) 2 ) [7,32], and phosphoric (H 3 PO 4 ) [33] acids are the three major electrolytes used for anodic porous alumina fabrication; many researchers have investigated the highly ordered anodic porous alumina formed by anodizing in these three electrolytes [34][35][36]. Malonic (HOOC-CH 2 -COOH) [28,[37][38][39] and tartaric (HOOC(CHOH) 2 COOH) [28,40] acids are also known self-ordering electrolytes, as reported previously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Ordering Behavior of Anodic Porous Alumina via Selenic Acid Anodizing

Kikuchi

Nishinaga

Natsui

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The self-ordering behavior of anodic porous alumina that was formed by anodizing in selenic acid electrolyte (H 2 SeO 4 ) at various concentrations and voltages was investigated with SEM and AFM imaging. A high purity aluminum foil was anodized in 0.1-3.0 M selenic acid solutions at 273 K and at constant cell voltages in the range of 37 to 51 V. The regularity of the cell arrangement increased with increasing anodizing voltage and selenic acid concentration under conditions of steady oxide growth without burning. Anodizing at 42-46 V in 3.0 M selenic acid produced highly ordered porous alumina. By selective dissolution of the anodic porous alumina, highly ordered convex nanostructures of aluminum with diameters of 20 nm and heights of 40 nm were exposed at the apexes of each hexagonal dimple array. Highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a cell size of 102 nm from top to bottom can be fabricated by a two-step selenic acid anodizing process, that includes the first anodizing step, the selective oxide dissolution, and the second anodizing step.Key words: Aluminum; Anodizing; Anodic Porous Alumina; Selenic Acid IntroductionBarrier anodic oxide films and porous anodic oxide films on aluminum have been widely investigated by many researchers in the fields of surface finishing [1][2][3], electrolytic capacitor application [4][5][6], and micro-and nano-structure fabrication [7][8][9]. Recently, highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a cell size on the scale of 10-100 nm has been studied for potential use in various ordered-nanostructure applications [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Anodic porous alumina is typically fabricated on an aluminum substrate using electrochemical anodizing (or anodization) [22][23][24][25][26]. In several acidic electrolyte solutions, the porous alumina fabricated by anodizing is self-ordered when prepared at the appropriate electrochemical conditions, including appropriate concentrations, temperatures, and voltages (or electrochemical potentials) [27][28][29][30] [50], and acetylenedicarboxylic (HOOC-C≡C-COOH) [51] acids have also been reported as electrolytes used to fabricate porous alumina that has characteristic nanostructure morphologies.In addition to these acidic electrolytes, alkaline and neutral solutions used for porous alumina fabrication were reported by several research groups. Takahashi et al. reported that a porous anodic oxide film could be formed by anodizing in an H 3 BO 3 /Na 2 B 4 O 7 neutral borate solution at a high temperature [52]. Baron-Wiechec et al. investigated aluminum anodizing in a borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) solution at 333 K and successfully obtained porous alumina [53]. Noguchi et al. investigated the anodizing behavior of aluminum in propylenediamine and choline alkaline solutions containing ammonium fluoride, ammonium tartrate, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium tetraborate, and obtained anodic porous alumina with nanopores that were 10-150 nm in diameter [54]. However, it is difficult to form a highly ordered porous alumina by anodiz...

show abstract

The effect of pH and composition of sulfuric–oxalic acid mixture on the self-ordering configuration of high porosity alumina nanohole arrays

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Fabrication of Self-Ordered Porous Alumina via Etidronic Acid Anodizing and Structural Color Generation from Submicrometer-Scale Dimple Array

Self-Ordering Behavior of Anodic Porous Alumina via Selenic Acid Anodizing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About