“…86 However, several recent animal studies have suggested that treatment of intraoperative hypotension with norepinephrine does not cause any reduction in gut blood flow. 87,88 An ideal fluid regimen for major surgeries, including oesophageal surgery, is individualised and optimises cardiac output and oxygen delivery, while avoiding excessive fluid administration. There is some evidence that fluid therapies which are designed to achieve individualised and specific flow-related haemodynamic end-points, such as stroke volume, cardiac output or measures of fluid responsiveness, such as stroke volume variation (collectively referred to as goal-directed fluid therapy), may provide a superior alternative to fixed regimens or those based on static measures of cardiac filling.…”