The Effect of PEI and PVP-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles on Equine Platelets Activation: Potential Application in Equine Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of different stabilizing agents, for example, polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their influence on equine platelet activation and release of particular growth factors. The gold nanoparticles were produced by chemical reduction of chloroauric acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles in investigated solutions. The AuNPs were incubated with whole blood at various concentrations. The morphology of platelets in PRP prepared from the blood incubated with AuNPs was characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy, whereas the concentrations of growth factors and cytokines were evaluated by ELISA assays. The most promising results were obtained with equine platelets incubated with 5% AuNPs stabilized by PEI, which lead to secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) and simultaneously cause decrease in concentration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α). The qRT-PCR confirmed ELISA test results. The incubation with 5% AuNPs stabilized by PEI leads to upregulation of BMP-2 and VEGF transcripts of mRNA level and to downregulating expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Obtained data shed a promising light on gold nanoparticle application for future regenerative medicine application.

The Use of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review

“…Up to now, PVP has been used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields to develop different drug delivery systems, such as oral, topical, transdermal, and ocular administration. Besides, PVP is also useful in the delivery of genes [8][9][10][11][12] or can be coupled with metal particles for regenerative medicine [13][14][15] and targeted-delivery [16,17]. Therefore, PVP results to also be a very versatile polymer.…”

Biocompatible Luminescent Nanosized Curcumin: Verified Parameters Affecting Stability and Bioavailability

“…On the other hand, if the polymer length is too short, the nanoparticles would not be covered with the polymer layer completely, leading to their agglomeration. Furthermore, the high hydrophobicity of the PEG prevents the adsorption on the nanocurcumin particle surface for steric stabilization [27,28].…”

Effect on Platelet Function of Metal-Based Nanoparticles Developed for Medical Applications

“…The group has demonstrated that QCM-D is more sensitive than the traditional LTA when investigating NP-platelet interactions (69, 99) and found that PEGylation of gold NPs improves their platelet compatibility (15). However, the use of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) conjugated NPs can induce platelet activation as revealed by the formation of numerous filopodia and degranulation in equine platelets (70). This effect may be related to the adsorption of fibrinogen onto the NPs surface (5) and could be even more obvious if polyacrylic acid (PAA)-conjugated gold nanoparticles are exposed to platelets as PAA binds to and induce conformational changes of fibrinogen (100) that could potentially have a greater impact on the hemocompatibility of those NPs.…”