The effect of particle–matrix adhesion on the mechanical behavior of glass filled epoxies. Part 2. A study on fracture toughness

Kawaguchi, Takafumi; Pearson, Raymond A.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00372-0

Cited by 173 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similarly, Green et al [49] demonstrated pinning with 132 µm diameter particles, but δ tc = 0.3 μm and the diameter of the plastic zone was less than 60 μm (conservative estimates calculated assuming that the yield stress is equal to the quoted fracture stress). Others [10,13,45,46] have invoked pinning though the lack of microscopic evidence makes it difficult to establish whether pinning really occurred. Norman and Robertson [52] observed no bowing lines on the fracture surfaces and discounted crack pinning, finding that off-plane processes dominated the toughening effect.…”

Section: Crack Pinningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].However, these relatively large particles also significantly increase the viscosity of the resin, reducing the ease of processing. In addition, due to the size of these particles they are unsuitable for use with infusion processes for the production of fibre composites as they are strained out by the small gaps between the fibres.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Johnsen

Kinloch

Mohammed

et al. 2007

Polymer

853

576

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An epoxy resin, cured with an anhydride, has been modified by the addition of silica nanoparticles.The particles were introduced via a sol-gel technique which gave a very well dispersed phase of nanosilica particles which were about 20 nm in diameter. Atomic force and electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were well dispersed throughout the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature was unchanged by the addition of the nanoparticles, but both the modulus and toughness were increased. The measured modulus was compared to theoretical models, and good agreement was found. The fracture energy increased from 100 J/m 2 for the unmodified epoxy to 460 J/m 2 for the epoxy with 13 vol% of nanosilica. The fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and the results were compared to various toughening mechanisms proposed in the literature. The toughening mechanisms of crack pinning, crack deflection and immobilised polymer were discounted. The microscopy showed evidence of debonding of the nanoparticles and subsequent plastic void growth. A theoretical model of plastic void growth was used to confirm that this mechanism was indeed most likely to be responsible for the increased toughness that was observed due to the addition of the nanoparticles. IntroductionEpoxy polymers are widely used for the matrices of fibre-reinforced composite materials and as adhesives. When cured, epoxies are amorphous and highly-crosslinked (i.e. thermosetting)polymers. This microstructure results in many useful properties for structural engineering applications, such as a high modulus and failure strength, low creep, and good performance at elevated temperatures.However, the structure of such thermosetting polymers also leads to a highly undesirable property in that they are relatively brittle materials, with a poor resistance to crack initiation and growth.Nevertheless, it has been well established for many years that the incorporation of a second microphase of a dispersed rubber, e.g. Hence rigid, inorganic particles have also been used, as these can increase the toughness without affecting the glass transition temperature of the epoxy. Here glass beads or ceramic (e.g. silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].However, these relatively large particles also significantly increase the viscosity of the resin, reducing the ease of processing. In addition, due to the size of these particles they are unsuitable for use with infusion processes for the production of fibre composites as they are strained out by the small gaps between the fibres.More recently, a new technology has emerged which holds promise for increasing the mechanical performance of such thermosetting polymers. This is via the addition of a nanophase structure in the polymer, where the nanophase consists of small rigid particles of silica [15][16][17][18]. Such nanoparticle-modified epoxies have been shown to not only increase further the toug...

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Section: Crack Pinningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Johnsen

Kinloch

Mohammed

et al. 2007

Polymer

853

576

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“…With the development of epoxy composite material with both high thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical properties in various areas of weight-sensitive aerospace industry, marine, armor, automobile, railway and sporting goods industries, filling inorganic particles of nanometer size with high thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical performance has become a attractive and effective method to strengthen the properties of epoxy resins and meet the higher requirements. Because micro-scale fillers have successfully been synthesized with epoxy resin, BN as a novel nano-scale filler material, which include globular BN, flake BN and fibrous BN, is now being tested to produce high performance composite structures with enhanced properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Recently, boron nitride (BN) based nanofillers such as BN nanoplatelets, BN nanosheets (BNNSs) and BN nanotubes (BNNTs) have attracted increased attention due to its low density, high thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, superb oxidation resistance, passivity to reactions with acids and melts, low coefficient of friction and their potential application in preparing polymer composites for thermal dissipation [15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Adding Carbon Nitride Nanometer Material on The Properties of Epoxy Resin Project

Wang

Sun

Guo

2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Boron nitride(BN) nanometer material was adding as filler to epoxy resin to obtain a high thermal conductive and excellent mechanical properties material. The fillers, which include globular BN, flake BN and fibrous BN, were treated with silane coupling agent and acid to establish a strong affinity with the surrounding matrices. As a result, the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the composites were enhanced at a relatively appropriate volume fraction of BN. At a given volume fraction, fillers treated with silane coupling agent provide composites with lower thermal conductivity and higher tensile strength compared with the ones treated with acid. With the increase of the volume fraction of fillers, the thermal conductivity and the tensile strength of the composites show the tendency of increasing, but the tensile yield stress of composites exhibit significant reduction.

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“…5 vol%) increases the compressive yield stress, but additional amounts of filler decrease the compressive yield stress [26]. However, tests on glass-bead-filled epoxy (DOW DER 331/bisphenol-A) found that increasing the volume fraction increased both the yield stress and fracture toughness of the material [27,28]. In another study on a similar material, decreasing the aluminium particle size from micro to nano resulted in increased epoxy cross-link density and subsequently increased both static and dynamic strength [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanics of particulate composites with glassy polymer binders in compression

Jordan

Spowart

Kendall

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Whether used as structural components in design or matrix materials for composites, the mechanical properties of polymers are increasingly important. The compressive response of extruded polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) rod with aligned polymer chains and Al–Ni–PMMA particulate composites are investigated across a range of strain rates and temperatures. The particulate composites were prepared using an injection-moulding technique resulting in highly anisotropic microstructures. The mechanics of these materials are discussed in the light of theories of deformation for glassy polymers. The experimental data from this study are compared with PMMA results from the literature as well as epoxy-based composites with identical particulates. The PMMA exhibited the expected strain rate and temperature dependence and brittle failure was observed at the highest strain rates and lowest temperatures. The Al–Ni–PMMA composites were found to have similar stress–strain response to the PMMA with reduced strain softening after yield. Increasing volume fraction of particulates in the composite resulted in decreased strength.

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The effect of particle–matrix adhesion on the mechanical behavior of glass filled epoxies. Part 2. A study on fracture toughness

Cited by 173 publications

References 28 publications

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

The Effect of Adding Carbon Nitride Nanometer Material on The Properties of Epoxy Resin Project

Mechanics of particulate composites with glassy polymer binders in compression

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