The Effect of Parental Socioeconomic Class on Children’s Body Mass Indices

Alwan, Al; A, Al Fattani; Longford, Nicholas T.

doi:10.4274/jcrpe.898

Cited by 24 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Other studies have all found that high SES correlated positively with obesity levels [29–31]. However this is similar to what have been found in the UK and USA [32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

A comparison of nutritional intake and daily physical activity of girls aged 8-11 years old in Makkah, Saudi Arabia according to weight status

et al. 2017

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BackgroundObesity rates in Saudi Arabia are amongst the highest in the world. It is known that teenage girls are less active than teenage boys, but less is known about the diet and activity patterns in younger girls. Therefore this study sought to investigate dietary intake and daily physical activity in girls aged 8-11 years old in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis was a cross- sectional observational study conducted in seven schools across the city of Makkah. A total of 266 girls had anthropometric measurements taken including height, weight, waist circumference and body fat estimations. Dietary assessment using a 4 day unweighed diet diary was undertaken in 136 of these participants, and 134 agreed to monitor their physical activity for the 4 days using an accelerometer. After exclusion for under-reporting, 109 remained in the dietary analysis and 78 in the physical activity analyses. Differences in means between BMI groups were determined using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to look at the effect of multiple variables on body weight.ResultsA total of 30% of participants were classified obese or overweight. There was a significant difference in the mean daily energy intake between the BMI groups with the obese group having the highest energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake (obese group: 2677 ± 804 kcal/d; healthy weight group: 1806 ± 403 kcal/d, p < 0.001), but the percentage contribution of the macronutrients to energy intake remained the same across the BMI groups. There were no differences in number of steps taken per day or time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity exercise according to BMI category. Most of the girls did not meet daily physical activity guidelines (5969 to 6773 steps per day and 18.5 - 22.5 mins per day of moderate to vigorous activity). Multiple linear regression showed that energy intake positively predicted body weight (Beta = 0.279, p =0 .001), whereas, total energy expenditure per kg of body weight and family income had a significant negative influence on body weight (Beta = −0.661, p < 0.001; −0.131, p = 0.028 respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this cross sectional analysis suggest that obesity in girls aged 8-11 years is linked to excessive energy intake from all macronutrients and the majority of girls in all weight categories are inactive. Research should be conducted to further investigate causal relationships in longitudinal studies and develop interventions to promote dietary change and activity that is culturally acceptable for girls in Saudi Arabia.

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“…Other studies have all found that high SES correlated positively with obesity levels [29–31]. However this is similar to what have been found in the UK and USA [32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

A comparison of nutritional intake and daily physical activity of girls aged 8-11 years old in Makkah, Saudi Arabia according to weight status

et al. 2017

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“…The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table V . Of the 44 countries of the Asian continent, 15 were represented in this systematic review: five studies from India [ 26 – 30 ], eight from Iran [ 31 – 38 ], seven from Saudi Arabia [ 13 , 39 – 43 ], three from Kuwait [ 44 – 46 ], four from Taiwan [ 47 – 50 ], four from China [ 51 – 54 ], two from the United Arab Emirates [ 55 , 56 ], four from Jordan [ 57 – 60 ], two from Bahrain [ 61 , 62 ], two from Japan [ 63 , 64 ] and one from Singapore [ 65 ], Thailand [ 66 ], Malaysia [ 67 ], Israel [ 68 ], Pakistan [ 69 ] and Turkey [ 70 ]. Two studies conducted in Israel and Thailand [ 66 , 68 ] had national coverage while the remainder were subnational.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies conducted in Israel and Thailand [ 66 , 68 ] had national coverage while the remainder were subnational. Different diagnosis criteria for obesity and overweight were applied across studies including the CDC criteria in 7 studies [ 31 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 57 ], IOTF criteria in 11 studies [ 29 , 42 , 45 , 50 , 52 , 58 , 63 – 65 , 71 , 72 ], NCHC criteria in 2 studies [ 44 , 46 ], WHO criteria in 16 studies [ 28 , 32 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 49 , 54 , 56 , 59 , 62 , 66 – 69 , 73 , 74 ], NHANES criteria in 1 study [ 55 ], Cole criteria in 6 studies [ 27 , 30 , 43 , 53 , 60 , 75 ] and the Chinese index in 1 study [ 51 ], Table IV . These studies were published between 1994 and 2015.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mazidi¹,

Banach²,

Kengne³

et al. 2018

aoms

101

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IntroductionWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children (aged 5–12 years) and adolescents (aged 12–19 years) in Asian countries. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Material and methodsWe comprehensively searched specialised databases for relevant studies conducted in Asian countries between January 1, 1999, and May 30, 2017. Random effects models (using the DerSimonian-Laird method) and generic inverse variance methods were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the ‘leave-one-out’ method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I2 index. Systematic review registration: CRD42016033061.ResultsAmong 22,286 identified citations, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria with n = 71,998 and n = 353,513 for children and adolescents. The pooled prevalence (overall, boys and girls) was 5.8% (n = 4175), 7.0% (n = 2631) and 4.8% (n = 1651) for obesity in children aged 5–11 years; 8.6% (n = 30,402), 10.1% (n = 17,990) and 6.2% (n = 10,874) for obesity in adolescents age 12–19 years. For overweight in children the values for overall, boys and girls were 11.2% (n = 7900), 11.7% (n = 4280) and 10.9% (n = 3698) respectively; and for overweight in adolescents, 14.6% (n = 46,886), 15.9% (27,183), and 13.7% (20,574). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. In children and adolescents a higher percentage of boys than girls are obese (children = 7.0 vs. 4.8%, adolescents = 10.1 vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, in children and adolescents a higher percentage of boys than girls are overweight (children = 11.7 vs. 10.9%, adolescents = 15.9 vs. 13.7%, p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsIn view of the number of children who are overweight or obese, the associated detrimental effects on health, and the cost to health-care systems, implementation of programmes to monitor and prevent unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents is needed throughout Asian countries.

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“…They also reported that children were more likely to be obese if they were male (female OR=0.545, p < 0.01), aged 12 years (OR=3.9, p = 0.005, compared to age 6), and having a mother who was more educated. Mothers educated at the university level were found to have a three-fold higher risk of having obese children (OR=3.4, p < 0.01) compared to mothers with lower educational attainment [ 55 ]. However, Mahfouz et al found that female Saudi adolescents were more likely to be obese (aOR = 1.372, 95% CI = 1.099–1.753) while all other sociodemographic variables (parental education, maternal occupation, urban/rural settings and consanguinity of parents) were non-significant [ 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of childhood obesity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: Prevalence and risk factors meta-analysis

2017

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Obesity rates are rising globally, but there is evidence that young people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are at particularly high risk. We systematically searched the literature to map the MENA region for prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity, and examine the underlying risk factors and adverse effects associated with obesity in this region. Inclusion criteria were: English-language, non-basic-science focused articles that used any of the standard obesity definitions and were conducted in the MENA countries within the last five years. We searched PubMed using combinations of key terms ((childhood) OR adolescence) AND obesity) AND (MENA or each country) AND (“last five years” [PDat]). Studies demonstrated an increasing prevalence of obesity among many countries in the MENA region, especially in the Gulf area. Notably, in Kuwait, prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 25.6% and 34.8% among young males and 20.8% and 20.5% among females. A meta-analysis revealed that physical inactivity, increased screen time, and higher social status were risk factors for childhood obesity. Childhood and adolescent obesity is a major challenge facing countries of the MENA region. Further research is needed to fully investigate the role of nutrition and other specific risk factors and evaluate various interventions to manage this pervasive and growing health problem.

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The Effect of Parental Socioeconomic Class on Children’s Body Mass Indices

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

A comparison of nutritional intake and daily physical activity of girls aged 8-11 years old in Makkah, Saudi Arabia according to weight status

A comparison of nutritional intake and daily physical activity of girls aged 8-11 years old in Makkah, Saudi Arabia according to weight status

Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review of childhood obesity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: Prevalence and risk factors meta-analysis

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