The Effect of Palm Tocotrienol on Surface Osteoblast and Osteoclast in Excess Glucocorticoid Osteoporotic Rat Model

Abstract

A balanced interaction between osteoblast and osteoclast plays a major role in maintaining bone strength and structural integrity. Tocotrienol, a palm derivative with potent antioxidant properties showed an anti-osteoporotic effect but little is known about its mechanism of action. Hence, this research was conducted to determine the effects of palm tocotrienol on the surface osteoblast and osteoclast of the the glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic bones. The study involved 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g which were randomly divided into an equal number of Baseline, Sham, Adrx+Dexa (adrenalectomized with dexamethasone), Adrx+Dexa+ATF (adrenalectomized with dexamethasone supplemented with α-tocopherol) and Adrx+Dexa+PTT (adrenalectomized with dexamethasone supplemented with palm tocotrienol). Bloods were taken prior to sacrifice for serum biomarkers and either tibia or femur was harvested for bone biomarkers, gene expressions analysis and histological studies. A double-blinded experiment was performed to calculate the number of total cells (osteoblasts and osteoclast) with intact nuclei within five fields of view. While serum osteocalcin and gene expression did not show any changes, CTX level was increased in the Adrx+Dexa group but reduced after the supplementation of palm tocotrienol. Supplementation of palm tocotrienol also significantly decrease the osteoclast population (p<0.05) compared to Adrx+Dexa group. In contrast, osteoblast population showed no significant difference across the groups. The result showed that palm tocotrienol acts by modulating the osteoclasts but not osteoblast, which revert the dynamics of bone cells population in the osteoporotic bone to its pre-osteoporotic levels. Supplements of tocotrienol in daily diet may be beneficial in preventing osteoporosis.

Tocotrienol as a Protecting Agent against Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: A Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms

“…These results suggest that ATT and PTT could suppress the high bone remodelling phenotype commonly observed with osteoporosis. ATT also increased the osterix expression in the femur in GC-induced osteoporotic rats [58], suggesting that ATT might improve osteoblast differentiation and maturation [78].…”

Vitamin E Action on Bone Signaling Pathways, Rankl/Rank/Opg in a Rat Model of Breast Cancer-Induced Bone Pain

“…Our study demonstrated that both vitamin E-supplemented groups showed an upregulation of both M-CFS and RANKL, but both supplemented groups showed a notable decrease in expression when compared with NC group demonstrating the potential of tocotrienol and tocopherol in regulating osteoclastogenesis. The role of vitamin E in bone-related diseases such as the action of osteoclast inhibition and bone resorption reduction activity has been widely published in previous studies (69,70). However, the relationship between bone and cancer remains undefined in the literature.…”

Changes in Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics during Polyethylene-Induced Osteoclastogenesis

“…Tocotrienols have been widely studied for their antioxidant properties in bone and in other diseases [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Our previous work has shown that tocotrienols are beneficial for bone health because they can promote bone regeneration both in vitro [ 47 , 48 ] and in vivo [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. In a systematic review by Radzi et al (2018), it was concluded that TRF is able to decrease resorption activity, but not osteoclastogenesis [ 52 ].…”