The Effect Of Oxygen Concentration On Co And Smoke Produced By Flames

Mulholland, George W.; Janssens, Marc L.; Yusa, Shotaro; Twilley, W H.; Babrauskas, Vytenis

doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.3-585

Cited by 44 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Fully ventilated combustion data show that CO and soot emissions are correlated and the ratio of their emission rates (or yields) is a constant [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. It is thus suggested that there is a similarity between the kinetic and air-fuel mixing processes that govern the formation and oxidation of both CO and soot [5,7,8].…”

Section: Superscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoke Emissions in Fires

Tewarson¹

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Emission of smoke from various fire sizes and fuels has been examined using data from the literature. The data used for the examination were for the fully ventilated combustion of the mixed fuels of all compositions and for non-mixed single hydrogen atom containing fuels, without highly fire-retarded compositions. The combustion data used were for the smaller (0.008 m 2 in area) and larger (0.911-m 2 area) pool-like configuration. The data were also used for the combustion of fuels in vertical wall-like configuration consisting of single panel ( . The correlation holds for particulate dominated smoke and for fuels with non-particulate dominated smoke in the presence of H and OH atoms provided by other fuels or by the ignition source, such as a hydrocarbon gas burner. Deviation of the experimental data from the correlation appears to be due to the unaccountability of the non-particulates by the optical technique used to measure the particulates. A new technique that could measure both particulates and non-particulates in smoke would make the correlation to hold for all types of fuels and for all types of fire conditions including ventilation. Such a generalized correlation would be useful for smoke modeling and for the smoke hazard assessment.

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Section: Superscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that CO and soot compete for free radicals, especially OH and O and thus their formation and emission depend on the availability of free radicals [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The following overall kinetics for the soot and CO emission has been suggested [2]:…”

Section: Superscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke Emissions in Fires

Tewarson¹

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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“…There are two factors that can affect the CO production in compartment fires, ventilation and vitiation [2]. With respect to the effect of ventilation, extensive investigation has been done on compartment fires [3] and laminar jet diffusion flames [4] in the normal oxygen concentration condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect Of Oxygen Concentration On The Carbon Monoxide Yields From Methane And Methanol Flames

Saso

Gotoda²,

Ogawa

2005

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Eigth International Sy

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Reduced oxygen concentration environment by diluting with nitrogen (N 2 ) is expected as one of the alternative fire prevention and extinguishing technologies. To ensure the fire safety under reduced oxygen concentration, it is necessary to explore the carbon monoxide (CO) production because CO is known as a major cause of fatalities in compartment fire. To reveal the CO production in gaseous and liquid combustion under reduced oxygen concentration, the CO yield under oxygen-reduced condition was investigated experimentally using a cup burner. CH 4 and CH 3 OH were used as fuels and supplied through the inner cup. Mixtures consisting of oxidizer (O 2 ) and fire extinguishing agent (N 2 ) were issued through the outer chimney. The relative percentages of O 2 /N 2 were varied, maintaining the total flow rate of O 2 + N 2 constant. The CO concentration in the post-combustion mixture was measured as a function of the oxygen concentration. In the case of CH 4 flame, the CO concentration was increased with decreasing O 2 concentration. In contrast, in the case of CH 3 OH, the CO concentration was decreased with decreasing O 2 concentration. The results show that the influence of the oxygen concentration on the CO production yield in liquid combustion is apparently different from that of gaseous combustion.

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“…Measurements are performed with a 64 kg.m -3 ceramic fibre insulation pad on the backside of the sample as specified in the ISO 5660-1 standard [5]. During these experiments, the volumetric flow rate of the extraction through the exhaust duct of the calorimeter E v  is set at (24 ± 2) dm 3 …”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For more than two decades, the reaction-to-fire of materials has mainly been studied with bench scale experiments to control the test conditions. The most important bench-scale instruments for fire testing are the cone calorimeter (standard and equipped with a controlled atmosphere enclosure) [1][2][3][4] and the fire propagation apparatus (FPA) [5], which were developed in the early 1980s. Over the years, these devices have allowed great progress and a better understanding of the physical phenomena occurring when materials burn in well-ventilated conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of oxygen availability on the combustion behaviour of materials in a controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter

Marquis¹,

Guillaume²,

Camillo³

2014

Fire Saf. Sci.

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The reaction-to-fire of materials is commonly studied with bench scale experiments conducted under controlled test conditions. Two bench-scale instruments commonly used for this purpose are the cone calorimeter and the fire propagation apparatus. Research performed with these test apparatuses on the burning behaviour of polymeric materials has demonstrated the significant effect on the results of test variables such as pressure, irradiance, flow velocity, etc. In spite of the fairly large number of studies, little is known concerning the effect of oxygen vitiation and reduced ventilation on the burning behaviour of polymeric materials. Recent work in a controlled oxygen environment raises the question of interpretation and accuracy of the results. This paper reports the results of a study to evaluate the effect of oxygen vitiation and reduced ventilation on the burning behaviour of materials in a controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter. The study was performed on a typical thermoplastic material, i.e., a black poly(methyl)methacrylate. The dependence of the results on the experimental fire conditions is presented and discussed. The experiments show that the inlet airflow rate is a major factor to consider when studying the burning behaviour of polymeric materials in an enclosure. It strongly affects the available amount of oxygen that can react and may lead to a misinterpretation of the results when the effects of oxygen are studied.

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The Effect Of Oxygen Concentration On Co And Smoke Produced By Flames

Cited by 44 publications

References 11 publications

Smoke Emissions in Fires

Smoke Emissions in Fires

Effect Of Oxygen Concentration On The Carbon Monoxide Yields From Methane And Methanol Flames

Effects of oxygen availability on the combustion behaviour of materials in a controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter

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