The Effect of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Production of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Metabolites by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract

Although the correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites is well documented, little is known about the simultaneous effect of different PUFA on the production of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites. The present research examines the association between different omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) PUFA and the release of four cyclooxygenase and six lipoxygenase metabolites in cell medium by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The different combinations of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA were prepared according to a full 24 factorial design that enables studying not only the main effects but also the different interactions between fatty acids. In addition, interactions diagrams and principal component analysis were useful tools for interpreting higher order interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the combined effect of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA on the signaling of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes and resolvins by HUVEC.

Transcranial low‐level laser therapy in an in vivo model of stroke: Relevance to the brain infarct, microglia activation and neuroinflammation

“…Studies carried out worldwide suggest that the use of ω‐3, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have anti‐inflammatory properties [23], inhibit platelet aggregation, improve endothelial injury and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques in the stroke [24, 25]. In addition, some studies indicate that food supplementation with ω‐3 has a modulating effect, since in addition to the anti‐inflammatory effects, this fatty acid induces the synthesis of anti‐inflammatory mediators such as resolvins, protectins and maresines and reduces the activation of microglia and NF‐κB [14, 26].…”

Mechanisms of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver and Gut Injury

“…It has been shown that high levels of PUFAs and a high ω‐6/ω‐3 ratio in PN may contribute to increased incidence of cholestasis, steatosis, sepsis, changes in neutrophil function, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) . The ω‐6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) produces prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), 5‐hydroxy‐eicosatetraenoic acid, and other 4‐series leukotrienes (LTs) that are proinflammatory . The ω‐3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) produces 3‐series PGs, TXs, and 5‐series LTs, which have less detrimental effect than AA‐derived mediators have …”

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Stroke Burden

“…EPA competitively inhibits prostaglandin E2 formation by cyclooxygenase (COX) 1/2 from AA, and it produces less-inflammatory prostaglandin E3, thereby showing an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibition of monocyte adhesion and platelet aggregation, and improvement of endothelial injury [67,68]. EPA also decreases the production of mediators and enzymes from inflammatory cells such as macrophages and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques [22,23,24].…”

“…There is evidence that DHA suppresses inflammation more potently than EPA [69,70]. Importantly, EPA and DHA are metabolized via the COX and lipoxygenase pathways into a new class of lipid mediators [67,68]. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, including resolvins, maresins, and protectins, are synthesized from n-3 PUFAs.…”