The Effect of Oil Spills on Infant Mortality: Evidence from Nigeria

Bruederle, Anna; Hodler, Roland

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3043605

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…As illustrated in Figure 8, households within 5km of a reported oil spill location reported 19 percent prevalence rate of diarrhea, while households 10km and 20km from an oil spill site reported 13 percent and 10 percent of infant diarrhea respectively. These findings support the general pattern revealed through cross-tabulation and are consistent with previous studies that have established that adverse health outcomes diminish substantially with distance from the point of pollution [11,35].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

A Geospatial Appraisal of Oil Spill Health Impacts: A Niger Delta Case Study

Anyanwu

Lein

2019

J. Basic Appl. Sci.

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Oil spills resulting from pipeline breakages and operational failures during oil exploration have increased in prevalence in the Niger Delta, with more than 8,000 spills occurring over the past decade. Previous research has linked oil spills to human health hazards such as derma-toxic diseases, and various cancers. However, few studies have considered the health effects of oil spills on maternal and child health. This study seeks to fill this gap in literature by focusing on infant diarrhea in the Niger Delta. Diarrheal diseases account for 1 in 9 child deaths worldwide, making diarrhea the second leading cause of death among children under the age of five. Defining the spatio-temporal pattern of infant diarrhea and its relationship to oil spill contamination is critical in understanding mortality risk and enabling policy decisions aimed at reducing infant mortality rates in the region. Despite substantial data limitations, geospatial analysis revealed a statically significant spatial clustering of oil spill incidence and infant diarrhea: a pattern strongly correlated with spatial proximity to rural, low-income households with limited access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities. These locations evidenced higher rates of diarrhea incidence consistently across the region.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

A Geospatial Appraisal of Oil Spill Health Impacts: A Niger Delta Case Study

Anyanwu

Lein

2019

J. Basic Appl. Sci.

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“…Study instrument, quality assurance, and pre-test. A structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire was prepared by reviewing several related literature and related international guidelines [5,9,19,29,30]. It was organised into several sections, such as sociodemographic characteristics (maternal age, marital status, religion, level of education, mothers' occupations, household income and main source of cooking fuel), maternal and lifestyle characteristics (mid upper arm circumference, gravidity, previous miscarriage, previous stillbirth, previous infant death, alcohol intake, smoking and diet diversity status); oil pollution exposure characteristics (exploration activities, oil spill incidence, gas flaring incidence, perception on air quality, perception on water quality, perception on soil quality); and adverse maternal (PIH, PROM, PPH, and caesarean delivery).…”

Section: Sample Size and Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to oil pollution and maternal outcomes: The Niger Delta prospective cohort study

et al. 2022

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Background Maternal exposure to oil pollution is an important public health concern. However, there is a dearth of literature on the effects of maternal exposure to oil pollution on maternal outcomes in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to determine the effect of maternal exposure to oil pollution on maternal outcomes in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods Prospective cohort study design involving 1720 pregnant women followed from pregnancy to delivery was conducted. The participants were 18–45 years old at a gestational age of less than 17 weeks, who attended randomly selected health facilities in the areas with high exposure and low exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and review of medical records from April 2018 to April 2019. Multivariate log-binomial model was used to examine the effect of maternal exposure to oil pollution on the risk of adverse maternal outcomes adjusting for sociodemographic, maternal and lifestyle characteristics. Results A total of 1418 women completed the follow-up and were included in the analysis. Women in high exposure areas had a higher incidence of premature rupture of membrane (PROM), caesarean section (CS) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) compared to women in areas with low exposure to oil pollution. After adjusting for cofounders, women in high exposure areas also had a higher risk of PROM (ARR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.24–3.10) and PPH (ARR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.28–3.36) in Model I–III when compared to women in areas with low exposure to oil pollution. However, pregnancy-induced hypertension and CS had no association with maternal exposure area status to oil pollution. Conclusion Women in high exposure areas are at a higher risk of PROM and PPH. This calls for policies and intervention toward reducing maternal exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

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“…Its short-term symptoms include headaches, irregular heartbeats, convulsion and skin irritations [21,22]. Furthermore, a higher child mortality rate was detected in the Niger Delta region [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Contamination of a Biodiversity Hotspot—Action Needed for Nature Conservation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

et al. 2022

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The Niger Delta belongs to the largest swamp and mangrove forests in the world hosting many endemic and endangered species. Therefore, its conservation should be of highest priority. However, the Niger Delta is confronted with overexploitation, deforestation and pollution to a large extent. In particular, oil spills threaten the biodiversity, ecosystem services and local people. Remote sensing can support the detection of spills and their potential impact when accessibility on site is difficult. We tested different vegetation indices to assess the impact of oil spills on the land cover as well as to detect accumulations (hotspots) of oil spills. We further identified which species, land cover types and protected areas could be threatened in the Niger Delta due to oil spills. The results showed that the Enhanced Vegetation Index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index were more sensitive to the effects of oil spills on different vegetation cover than other tested vegetation indices. Forest cover was the most affected land-cover type and oil spills also occurred in protected areas. Threatened species are inhabiting the Niger Delta Swamp Forest and the Central African Mangroves that were mainly affected by oil spills and, therefore, strong conservation measures are needed even though security issues hamper the monitoring and control.

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The Effect of Oil Spills on Infant Mortality: Evidence from Nigeria

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

A Geospatial Appraisal of Oil Spill Health Impacts: A Niger Delta Case Study

A Geospatial Appraisal of Oil Spill Health Impacts: A Niger Delta Case Study

Exposure to oil pollution and maternal outcomes: The Niger Delta prospective cohort study

Environmental Contamination of a Biodiversity Hotspot—Action Needed for Nature Conservation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

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