The effect of non-equilibrium gas condensation in vuv spectra of electron-excited supersonic argon jet

Verkhovtseva, É. T.; Bondarenko, E. A.; Yaremenko, V. I.; Doronin, Yu. S.

doi:10.1016/0009-2614(83)80533-8

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Scaling of N with Γ * . From Figure it is obvious that our results match well with those derived from corrected time-of-flight spectroscopy, , Rayleigh scattering, and electron diffraction . However, the electron diffraction results of Farges et al show consistently higher cluster sizes than other measurements.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, the electron diffraction results of Farges et al show consistently higher cluster sizes than other measurements. This cannot be attributed to the method they used alone, since the results from ref are in line with all the other measurements. It should also be noted that the determination of diameters from electron diffraction data is not a direct process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The line is a fit of all data but that of Farges et al, since it is consistently offset from all other measurements. The data of Verkhovtseva et al were corrected for the use of a conical nozzle. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other types of measurements have been carried out that require sophisticated equipment and/or difficult data analysis like electron diffraction 7,8 and collisional scattering 9 or require an absolute calibration like Rayleigh scattering. 10 In this work we have used what most experimentalists consider an irritating problem, namely, the pickup of background water molecules by clusters, and turned it into a simple, direct, and reliable cluster size measurement technique using the methods of the pioneering works of Gough et al 11 and Lewerenz et al 12…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Mean Cluster Sizes by Water Capture

Macler¹,

Bae²

1997

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Argon clusters (Ar30 - 400) produced in a supersonic expansion were doped with water using the pickup method and subsequently electron impact ionized. Charged fragments were detected by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The intensities of the water-containing fragment peaks (Ar n H2O+, n = 4−7) versus water pressure followed Poisson distributions, from which capture cross sections were derived. These cross sections corresponded to cluster sizes in agreement with published results for our range of stagnation conditions. The measurement of water capture cross sections has been shown to provide a convenient means of determining van der Waals cluster mean sizes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Mean Cluster Sizes by Water Capture

Macler¹,

Bae²

1997

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The systematic study by Hagena and Obert 2 on the effect of backing pressure P 0 , stagnation temperature T 0 , nozzle diameter d, and different gases confirmed the concept of corresponding jets characterized by producing the same cluster size. The correlating parameter ⌫ ‫ء‬ , now commonly called "Hagena parameter," is defined as 7,8,[10][11][12][13] where the constants a s and u s , obtained from sonic-nozzle experiments by various groups, are listed in Table I.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

An experimental investigation on the performance of conical nozzles for argon cluster formation in supersonic jets

Ni²,

Li³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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This work intends to get a better understanding of cluster formation in supersonic nozzles of different geometries. The throat diameters d are within 0.26 mmՅ d Յ 0.62 mm, the half-opening-angle ␣ within 4.2°Յ ␣ Յ 11.3°, and the length L of the conical section is 17.5 mm ͑eight nozzles͒ or 12 mm ͑two nozzles͒. Thus the so-called "equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq " for these conical nozzle geometries, defined by d eq = 0.74 d / tan ␣ ͑for monatomic gases͒, is in the range of 1.59 mmՅ d eq Յ 5.21 mm. Source temperature for the clustering experiments was T 0 = 298 K, and the backing pressure P 0 was between 0.5 and 30 bars. The ͑average͒ cluster sizes observed for these conical nozzles deviate from the predictions of the simple stream-tube-model. These deviations are accounted for by introducing the so-called "effective equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq ‫ء‬ ," defined as the product of the equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq and a new parameter ␦, d eq ‫ء‬ = ␦d eq . The parameter ␦ serves to modify the equivalent diameters d eq of the conical nozzles, which are applied in the idealized cases where the gas flows are suggested to be formed through free jet expansion. Then, ␦ represents the deviation of the performance in cluster formation of the practical conical nozzles from those predicted based on the idealized picture. The experimental results show that the values of ␦ can be described by an empirical formula, depending on the gas backing pressure P 0 and the parameter d eq of the conical nozzles. The degradation of the performance of the present conical nozzles was found with the increase in P 0 and the larger d eq . It was revealed that ␦ is inversely proportional to a fractional power ͑ϳ0.5-0.6͒ of the molecular density n mol in the gas flows under the present experimental conditions. The boundary layers effects are considered to be mainly responsible for the restriction of the performance of the conical nozzles in cluster formation.

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