The effect of neem allelochemicals on nutritional physiology of larval <i>Spodoptera litura</i>

Koul, Opender; Shankar, J. S.; Kapil, R. S.

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00807.x

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In fact, many limonoids can be antifeedants without having chronic toxicity (12), such as salannin and nimbinene in our study and limonin, epilimonol, nomilin, meliantriol, melianol, trichillins, pedonin, toonacilins, etc. in other studies (9,11,24). Azadirachtin is a strong antifeedant and growth regulator, and both activities are independent of each other, which is evident from the different ECI values in oral and topical treatments in H. armigera (Tables 3 and 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

6β-Hydroxygedunin from Azadirachta indica. Its Potentiation Effects with Some Non-azadirachtin Limonoids in Neem against Lepidopteran Larvae

Koul

Multani

Singh

et al. 2003

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The biological activity of 6beta-hydroxygedunin isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. was assessed using the gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), and Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), alone and in combination with other limonoids, gedunin, salannin, nimbinene, and azadirachtin. The compound exhibited growth inhibitory activity in artificial diet bioassays, with 24.2 and 21.5 ppm, respectively, inhibiting growth by 50%. This efficacy was higher in comparison to gedunin (EC(50) = 50.8 and 40.4 ppm), salannin (EC(50) = 74.5 and 72.0 ppm), and nimbinene (EC(50) = 391.4 and 404.5 ppm). Azadirachtin, however, remained the most active neem allelochemical against both insect species. Nutritional assays clearly demonstrated that, though relative consumption and growth rates of fourth instar larvae were reduced, gedunin-type compounds induced physiological toxicity, evident by reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) in feeding experiments. Salannin and nimbinene, on the contrary, induced concentration-dependent feeding deterrence only. In feeding experiments, combinations of the compounds revealed that when azadirachtin was present in a mixture, EC(50) values did not deviate from the individual efficacy of azadirachtin (0.26 and 0.21 ppm, respectively) against H. armigera and S. litura larvae. However, a combination without azadirachtin did show a potentiation effect with potent EC(50) values among structurally different molecules, i.e., when salannin or nimbinene was combined with 6beta-hydroxygedunin or gedunin rather than structurally similar salannin + nimbinene or 6beta-hydroxygedunin + gedunin. Obviously, azadirachtin being the most active compound in neem is not synergized or influenced by any other limonoid, but other non-azadirachtin limonoids were more potent in specific combinations vis-à-vis the structural chemistry of the compound. It is obvious from the present study that potentiation among non-azadirachtin limonoids having explicitly two different modes of action, such as feeding deterrence and physiological toxicity, may be playing a significant role in the potentiation effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

6β-Hydroxygedunin from Azadirachta indica. Its Potentiation Effects with Some Non-azadirachtin Limonoids in Neem against Lepidopteran Larvae

Koul

Multani

Singh

et al. 2003

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Many limonoids can be antifeedants without having chronic toxicity (Champagne et al 1992;Mendel et al 1993;Koul et al 1996;Aerts & Mordue 1997). Azadirachtin, however, is a strong antifeedant and growth regulatory allelochemical, where both activities are independent of each other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Activity of some nonazadirachtin limonoids from Azadirachta indica against lepidopteran larvae

Koul¹,

Multani²,

Goomber³

et al. 2004

Australian Journal of Entomology

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The biological activity of azadirachtin, nimbocinol, azadiradione and salannin isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) was assessed alone and in combination against the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and cluster caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nimbocinol exhibited growth inhibitory activity in artificial diet bioassays with 82.4 and 92.2 mg kg -1 concentrations inhibiting growth by 50%, respectively, in the two species. This efficacy was almost comparative to azadiradione (EC 50 = 109.6 and 102.1 mg kg -1 ) and salannin (EC 50 = 72.2 and 70.2 mg kg -1 ). Azadirachtin was the most active neem allelochemical against both insect species. In nutritional analysis, only nimbocinol and azadiradione reduced the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) in feeding experiments, indicating toxic rather than antifeedant effects. In a combination, when azadirachtin was present in a mixture, it always dominated in its efficacy and EC 50 values did not deviate much from the individual efficacy of azadirachtin (0.23 and 0.21 mg kg -1 , against H. armigera and S. litura larvae, respectively). However, enhanced activity among structurally variable molecules was observed, i.e., when salannin combines with nimbocinol or azadiradione, rather than structurally similar molecules like nimbocinol with azadiradione. The activity among nonazadirachtin limonoids in specific combination as opposed to the structural chemistry having explicitly two different modes of action, like feeding deterrence and chronic toxicity, may be playing a significant role in the multicomponent system.

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“…This level of cypermethrin resistance is not surprising because this insecticide has been intensively used in this region. The variation in the toxicity of cypermethrin among the different Koul et al (1996), who reported that some allelochemicals exert strong growth regulatory effects against Spodoptera litura. Similarly, the resistant populations from Al-Ahsa and Al-Qatif also showed similar reductions in the ECD, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of Insecticide Resistance in Field-collected Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Al-Ayedh¹,

Hussain²,

Rizwan-ul-Haq³

et al. 2015

IJAB

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To cite this paper: Al-Ayedh, H., A. Hussain, M. Rizwan-ul-Haq and A.M. Al-Jabr, 2016. Status of insecticide resistance in field-collected populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae AbstractThe first monitoring of the resistance to two organophosphates (methidathion and ethion) and one pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticides presented by three field collections of different Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) populations was performed in this study. The LD50 doses of three insecticides against newly moulted eighth-instar R. ferrugineus larvae were estimated through toxicity bioassays, in which the larvae were fed on artificial diet supplemented with different individual doses of cypermethrin, methidathion or ethion. A population of R. ferrugineus collected from Wadi Ad-Dawasir was chosen as the reference strain, because of its susceptibility to each of the tested insecticide. Compared with the susceptible strain, populations sampled from Al-Ahsa and Al-Qatif showed 8.72 and 4.51-folds increase in resistance to cypermethrin and 3.77 and 2.85-fold increases in resistance to ethion, respectively. The LD50 values of cypermethrin (1.62 ppm), methidathion (3.15 ppm) and ethion (9.12 ppm) in the susceptible population (Wadi Ad-Dawasir) were used to investigate the feeding performances and physiological impacts on eighth-instar R. ferrugineus larvae. The larvae showed no resistance to the most potent insecticide (methidathion) resulting highest growth reduction. However, moderate resistance was observed from red palm weevil population collected from Al-Qatif and Al-Ahsa against cypermethrin resulting lowest reduction in the efficacy of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and digested food (ECD). In addition, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity assay further strengthen our findings. Results suggest that enhanced GST activity likely contributes to cypermethrin and ethion resistance exhibited by the R. ferrugineus populations sampled from Al-Qatif and Al-Ahsa. Toxicity bioassays, dietary utilization experiments and GST assays examined in this study support the use of methidathion against R. ferrugineus as the most potent insecticide against all the sampled populations. However, cypermethrin and ethion resistance appears to be evolving in the R. ferrugineus populations from Al-Qatif and Al-Ahsa, justifying the concern of farmers regarding the low efficacy of insecticides.

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The effect of neem allelochemicals on nutritional physiology of larval Spodoptera litura

Cited by 36 publications

References 18 publications

6β-Hydroxygedunin from Azadirachta indica. Its Potentiation Effects with Some Non-azadirachtin Limonoids in Neem against Lepidopteran Larvae

6β-Hydroxygedunin from Azadirachta indica. Its Potentiation Effects with Some Non-azadirachtin Limonoids in Neem against Lepidopteran Larvae

Activity of some nonazadirachtin limonoids from Azadirachta indica against lepidopteran larvae

Status of Insecticide Resistance in Field-collected Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

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