The effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock

Efavi, Johnson Kwame; Kanbogtah, Dindomah; Apalangya, Vitus A.; Nyankson, Emmanuel; Tiburu, Elvis K.; Dodoo‐Arhin, David; Onwona-Agyeman, B.; Yaya, Abu

doi:10.1016/j.sajce.2018.03.002

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An increase in catalyst concentration leads to soap formation, and subsequently, the biodiesel dilutes with glycerol, which increases the reaction time [ 34 ]. Initial catalyst loading of a 0.13 g NaOH catalyst yielded 70% biodiesel; further increasing the catalyst to 0.18 g gradually reduced the yield to 49% [ 35 ].…”

Section: Catalysis In Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.

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Section: Catalysis In Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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“…The flesh of egusi has a bitter taste and a spongy feel and is not considered edible in raw form in communities that consume egusi seed. Egusi is well adapted to extremely divergent agro-ecosystems and can survive extreme weather conditions (Efavi et al., 2018). The meal is high in protein and oil with literature indicating approximately 28.4% w/w protein (60% in defatted flour), 52% w/w fat, 3.6% w/w ash, 2.7% w/w fibre and 8.2% w/w carbohydrate (Akobundu, 1989; Akusu, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical and fatty acid profile of egusi oil from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Olubi

Felix-Minnaar

Jideani

2019

Heliyon

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Oil extraction from egusi seeds using supercritical CO2 extraction method was performed using series of operational parameters, temperature (55, 60, 75 °C), flow rate (30 g/h) and pressure (450, 600 bar). Egusi oil (EO) extracted at 60 °C, 30 g/h and 450 bar (EO1); 55 °C, 30 g/h and 600 bar (EO2) and 75 °C, 30 g/h and 600 bar (EO3) were investigated in a plant scale supercritical equipment. The fatty acid composition of egusi oil was analysed using gas chromatography, with result showing a high linoleic acid approximately (53%) and oleic acids (19%). The index of atherogenicity (IA%) and thrombogenicity index (IT %) were significantly low for the three oil samples, indicating its health benefits. Oxidative stability of egusi oil was analysed by Methrohm 743 Rancimat, confirming a less oxidised oil. Hence, egusi oil can be used as a raw material in dietary supplements and as a functional oil in the food industry.

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“…The ZnO doped catalyst (1%) converted 60% of the oil into FAME, but as the catalyst load increased to 3% wt, the conversion oil to FAME reached 95%. The result indicates that a 3% CaO/K2O-ZnO catalyst was sufficient to convert 95% oil to biodiesel with a 9:1 methanol to oil ratio in 3 h. The catalyst without ZnO converts 92% of oil to biodiesel (FAME) with a 9:1 methanol to oil ratio in 3 h. In the previous report, the percentage yield of biodiesel from Citrullus vulgaris seeds oil using NaOH as a catalyst was only 70% (19). This variation may be due to the higher amount of NaOH (0.13 g) employed may convert oil to soap rather than biodiesel.…”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Load On Biodiesel Yieldmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The excess methanol was removed by distillation before the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) percent analysis. The percentage yield of biodiesel was calculated using Equation 1 (19).…”

Section: Transesterification Of Purified Oil Usingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil using Catalysts Derived from Waste Materials

MEKA

Asere

2022

Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry

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Domestic resources such as vegetable oil, animal fats, tallows, and waste frying oil are common raw materials for making biodiesel. In contrast to ordinary diesel, biodiesel helps to reduce CO2 emissions. This study aimed to produce biodiesel using waste frying oil in the presence of suitable solid waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts. Firstly, CaO/K2O catalyst was synthesised using eggshells and banana peels. Then, the pre-prepared catalyst (CaO/K2O) modified with ZnO was utilized for biodiesel production. The prepared catalyst and biodiesel were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy. The AOAC and ASTM standard methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of oils and biodiesel. The catalytic efficiency of CaO/K2O and CaO/K2O-ZnO tested for the transesterification of purified oil to biodiesel at the catalyst weight (1-7 %wt), temperature (60-80°C), and methanol to oil ratios ranging from 3:1 to 12:1. The highest biodiesel yield (92%) obtained when 5 %wt CaO/K2O catalyst used. However, a 95% yield resulted when using a 3 %wt CaO/K2O-ZnO catalyst load in 2 h with a methanol to oil (v/v) ratio of 9:1 at 65°C. The study revealed that waste frying oil is a good source of biodiesel which could replace nonrenewable energy in the future. The catalysts made from solid waste could also replace an expensive chemical catalyst.

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The effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock

Cited by 36 publications

References 34 publications

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Physicochemical and fatty acid profile of egusi oil from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil using Catalysts Derived from Waste Materials

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