The effect of motivation on working memory: An fMRI and SEM study

Szatkowska, Iwona; Bogorodzki, Piotr; Wolak, Tomasz; Marchewka, Artur; Szeszkowski, Wojciech

doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.06.001

Cited by 46 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A common paradigm used in neuroimaging [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], the 0-back task was used as a measure of vigilance and to keep participants in an approximately similar state of arousal. The tones used to elicit a binaural beat were played through a pair of stereo headphones positioned so the earpieces and headband did not press against electrodes and were stable while participants engaged in the vigilance task.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation

Goodin¹,

Ciorciari

Baker³

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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Binaural beats are an auditory phenomenon that has been suggested to alter physiological and cognitive processes including vigilance and brainwave entrainment. Some personality traits measured by the NEO Five Factor Model have been found to alter entrainment using pulsing light stimuli, but as yet no studies have examined if this occurs using steady state presentation of binaural beats for a relatively short presentation of two minutes. This study aimed to examine if binaural beat stimulation altered vigilance or cortical frequencies and if personality traits were involved. Thirty-one participants were played binaural beat stimuli designed to elicit a response at either the Theta (7 Hz) or Beta (16 Hz) frequency bands while undertaking a zero-back vigilance task. EEG was recorded from a high-density electrode cap. No significant differences were found in vigilance or cortical frequency power during binaural beat stimulation compared to a white noise control period. Furthermore, no significant relationships were detected between the above and the Big Five personality traits. This suggests a short presentation of steady state binaural beats are not sufficient to alter vigilance or entrain cortical frequencies at the two bands examined and that certain personality traits were not more susceptible than others.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation

Goodin¹,

Ciorciari

Baker³

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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“…The significant role played by the left cingulum bundle in mediating the response to motivators (monetary incentives, in particular) has been clearly demonstrated (Akitsuki et al, 2003;Bush et al, 2000Bush et al, , 2002Clark et al, 2009;Fujiwara et al, 2009;Nieuwenhuis et al, 2005;Pessoa, 2009;Simoes-Franklin et al, 2009), in addition to its function in maintaining a sustained response to PM task demands (Reynolds et al, 2009). Similarly, the function of the orbital frontal in motivated behavior is wellknown (Elliott et al, 2003;Rolls, 2004) and includes more recent findings, which extend the orbital frontal's function to the top-down modulation of cognitive control processes in response to changes in motivational status Gilbert and Fiez, 2004;Krawczyk et al, 2007;Pochon et al, 2002;Szatkowska et al, 2008). Our results are consistent with previous research demonstrating the greater role of the left relative to the right orbital frontal white matter in mediating positive or reward-related affect and emotion-related learning (Eddington et al, 2009;O'Doherty et al, 2001;Ogai et al, 2005;Schutter and van Honk, 2006;Thut et al, 1997;Tranel et al, 2002;Wang et al, 2005) and is also consistent with others who have reported activation of the anterior cingulate and orbital frontal in response to positive reward (Linke et al, 2010) or anticipation of reward Risinger et al, 2005), especially when reward was in the form of a monetary incentive (Kirsch et al, 2003;Staudinger et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Incentive Effects in Prospective Memory after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

McCauley

Wilde

Bigler

et al. 2011

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Few studies exist investigating the brain-behavior relations of event-based prospective memory (EB-PM) impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI). To address this, children with moderate-to-severe TBI performed an EB-PM test with two motivational enhancement conditions and underwent concurrent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 3 months post-injury. Children with orthopedic injuries (OI; n=37) or moderate-to-severe TBI (n=40) were contrasted. Significant group differences were found for fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient for orbitofrontal white matter (WM), cingulum bundles, and uncinate fasciculi. The FA of these WM structures in children with TBI significantly correlated with EB-PM performance in the high, but not the low motivation condition. Regression analyses within the TBI group indicated that the FA of the left cingulum bundle (p=0.003), left orbitofrontal WM (p<0.02), and left (p<0.02) and right (p<0.008) uncinate fasciculi significantly predicted EB-PM performance in the high motivation condition. We infer that the cingulum bundles, orbitofrontal WM, and uncinate fasciculi are important WM structures mediating motivation-based EB-PM responses following moderate-to-severe TBI in children.

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“…Current modeling techniques show that current flows below the PFC sites, but it also reaches orbitofrontal and ventral temporal regions (Brunoni et al, 2014; Truong, Magerowski, Blackburn, Bikson, & Alonso-Alonso, 2013). Orbitofrontal regions contribute to motivational engagement and performance (Arana et al, 2003; Klein-Flugge, Barron, Brodersen, Dolan, & Behrens, 2013; Szatkowska, Bogorodzki, Wolak, Marchewka, & Szeszkowski, 2008; Tobler, O’Doherty, Dolan, & Schultz, 2007). However, if anodal tDCS is indirectly, through PFC connections, affecting subcortical regions involved in WM and reward, such as the basal ganglia, then this may explain some of the behavioral effects we find in our current and previous tDCS experiments.…”

Section: 2 the Mechanism Of Tdcs Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The strategy and motivational influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation: A tDCS and fNIRS study

2015

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Working memory (WM) capacity falls along a spectrum with some people demonstrating higher and others lower WM capacity. Efforts to improve WM include applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in which small amounts of current modulate the activity of underlying neurons and enhance cognitive function. However, not everyone benefits equally from a given tDCS protocol. Recent findings revealed tDCS-related WM benefits for individuals with higher working memory (WM) capacity. Here, we test two hypotheses regarding those with low WM capacity to see if they too would benefit under more optimal conditions. We tested whether supplying a WM strategy (Experiment 1) or providing greater extrinsic motivation through incentives (Experiment 2) would restore tDCS benefit to the low WM capacity group. We also employed functional near infrared spectroscopy to monitor tDCS-induced changes in neural activity. Experiment 1 demonstrated that supplying a WM strategy improved the high WM capacity participants’ accuracy and the amount of oxygenated blood levels following anodal tDCS, but it did not restore tDCS-linked WM benefits to the low WM capacity group. Experiment 2 demonstrated that financial motivation enhanced performance in both low and high WM capacity groups, especially after anodal tDCS. Here, only the low WM capacity participants showed a generalized increase in oxygenated blood flow across both low and high motivation conditions. These results indicate that ensuring that participants’ incentives are high may expand cognitive benefits associated with tDCS. This finding is relevant for translational work using tDCS in clinical populations, in which motivation can be a concern.

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The effect of motivation on working memory: An fMRI and SEM study

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation

A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation

Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Incentive Effects in Prospective Memory after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

The strategy and motivational influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation: A tDCS and fNIRS study

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