The Effect of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Biodegradable Polymers in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Eiroboyi, I.; Ikiensikimama, Sunday Sunday; Oriji, Boniface A.; Okoye, I. P.

doi:10.2118/198788-ms

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Higher XG concentration also increases the degree of shear thinning. This agrees with earlier works by [24,[41][42][43]. From the values of viscosity, it is evident that XG is excellent for mobility control in the reservoir.…”

Section: Preparation Of Xanthan Gum Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly...supporting

confidence: 92%

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Imported Biopolymer-Xanthan Gum and Locally Formulated Biopolymers-Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly

Ezeh

Ikiensikimama

Akaranta

2021

JENRR

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Aim: Polymer flooding is used for enhanced oil recovery. Only polymers that can withstand harsh environments work best. HPAM is mostly the polymer used for enhanced oil recovery because it is available and cheap, but it does not withstand high temperatures and high salinity reservoirs. Xanthan Gum withstands high temperatures and high salinity reservoirs, but it is expensive and plugs the reservoir. The aim of this study is to compare the salinity stability of gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly, a novel biopolymer, with commercial Xanthan gum. Study Design: Locally formulated biopolymers from gum Arabic exudates bought from Bauchi State in Nigeria and from Terminalia Mantaly exudates obtained from the University of Port Harcourt. The appropriate rheological tests were carried out at the laboratory. Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory experiments were carried out at the department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota in Ogun State of Nigeria between 2020 and 2021. Methodology: The gum Arabic, Terminalia Mantaly and Xanthan Gum powders were dissolved in deionized water to get various concentrations in ppm. The polymers were mixed and kept for 24 hours to achieve a homogenous solution. The Automated OFITE® Viscometer at different revolutions per minute (RPM) of 3 (Gel), 6, 30, 60, 100, 200, 300, and 600 was used to measure the rheological properties of the various concentrations before Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) of various concentrations were added and allowed to hydrate for another 24 hours before measuring their rheological properties again. Results: The study showed that Xanthan Gum, Gum Arabic, and Terminalia Mantaly biopolymers can be used in high salinity reservoirs. Terminalia Mantaly, a novel biopolymer, is insensitive to salinity in monovalent and divalent ions. Conclusion: Xanthan gum exhibited high viscosity even at low concentrations. Gum Arabic exhibited good tolerance to salinity at NaCl 3.5%. Terminalia Mantaly was very stable with both monovalent and divalent ions. Divalent ions have more effects on polymers than monovalent ions in reservoirs. Recommendation: It is recommended that Terminalia Mantaly be investigated more, as it can replace imported biopolymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).

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Section: Preparation Of Xanthan Gum Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly...supporting

confidence: 92%

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Imported Biopolymer-Xanthan Gum and Locally Formulated Biopolymers-Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly

Ezeh

Ikiensikimama

Akaranta

2021

JENRR

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“…At low salinity solutions, polymers have higher viscosity due to the charge repulsion of the carboxylic groups of HPAM polymer. When any cation is dissolved in the solution, the negative charges are neutralized or shielded, generating a compression of the fl exibible chains, resulting in a molecular shrinkage and thus decrease in the fl uid viscosity (Sheng, 2011;Eiroboyi, et al, 2019;Nurmi and Hanski, 2019).…”

Section: Table 3 Solubility Of Polymers In Various Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Electrolytes on Polymer Viscosity for Effectiveness of Polymer Injection

Alli¹

2020

SCOG

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The use of polymer for tertiary oil recovery has been known to be important as viscosity modifier to increase sweep efficiency of water flood and chemical flood. The most common polymer used for chemical flood is hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) that owing large number of charges along the polymer chains. However, formation water as dissolution water contain high electrolytes that has a great effect on polymer viscosity, as well as responsible to generate the efficiency of polymer flooding. In this study, the effect of electrolytes from saline and cation divalent to the viscosity of polymer was investigated. Three studied polymers were dissolved in various concentration of saline and cation divalent by analyzing the compatibility, viscosity, and the filtration ratio of polymers. The results showed that the presence of electrolytes in every concentration of water did not impact the compatibility and filtration ratio of polymers. Whereas, the addition of sodium chloride as saline ionic and calcium chloride as cationic divalent were both reducing the viscosity of polymers. The lower viscosity of polymer related to the ability of polymer to expand the hydrodynamic which limited by the neutralization of internal repulsion of the electrolytes.

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Effect of Water Softening on Polymer Adsorption on Carbonates Through Single-Phase and Two-Phase Studies

Sebastian

Mushtaq

Al-Shalabi

et al. 2022

Day 4 Thu, November 03, 2022

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Polymer retention is considered as a major challenge in polymer flooding application, especially in carbonates, due to the prevailing harsh conditions of low permeability (< 100 mD), high temperature (> 85 °C), and high salinity (>100,000 ppm). One of the many advantages of smart water technology is maintaining the viscosity of polymers for water-based Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. This research focuses on the effect of water softening on the performance and adsorption of an ATBS-based polymer in carbonate reservoirs. Four different brine recipes were investigated with the salinity of 8,000 ppm TDS and varying ionic composition designed mainly by eliminating the hardness-causing ions, including Ca2+ and Mg2+. A geochemical study was performed using the PHREEQC software to analyze the interaction between these injected brines and the rock. Further, comprehensive rheological and static adsorption studies were performed at a temperature of 25 °C using the potential ATBS-based polymer to evaluate the polymer performance and adsorption with different brine recipes. Later, dynamic adsorption studies were conducted in both single-phase and two-phase conditions to further quantify polymer adsorption. The geochemical study showed an anhydrite saturation index of less than 0.5 for all the brine recipes used when interacting with the rock, indicating a very low tendency for calcium sulfate precipitation. Further, the rheological studies showed that polymer viscosity significantly increased with reduced hardness, where a polymer solution viscosity of 7.5 cP was obtained in zero hardness brine, nearly 1.5 times higher than the polymer viscosity of the base make-up brine of 8,000 ppm. Moreover, it was observed that by carefully tuning the concentrations of the divalent cations, the polymer concentration consumption for the required target viscosity was reduced by 40-50%. For the single-phase static adsorption experiments, the polymer solution in softened brine recipes resulted in lower adsorption in the range of 37 – 62 μg/g-rock as opposed to 102 μg/g-rock for the base make-up brine. On the other hand, the single-phase dynamic adsorption results showed an even lowered polymer adsorption of 37 μg/g-rock for the softened brine recipe compared to 45 μg/g-rock for the base make-up brine. Additionally, the single-phase dynamic adsorption studies showed a remarkable improvement in polymer injectivity using softened brine. The polymer retention in wettability restored cores was further reduced. This study highlights the effect of water softening on polymer performance, particularly polymer adsorption. The paper shows that the softened water increases the polymer viscosity and reduces polymer adsorption, which leads to the overall reduction in polymer consumption. Hence, the softened make-up water has the potential to improve the economics of polymer flood, especially in the case of carbonate reservoirs.

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The Effect of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Biodegradable Polymers in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Imported Biopolymer-Xanthan Gum and Locally Formulated Biopolymers-Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Monovalent and Divalent Ions on Imported Biopolymer-Xanthan Gum and Locally Formulated Biopolymers-Gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly

The Effect of Electrolytes on Polymer Viscosity for Effectiveness of Polymer Injection

Effect of Water Softening on Polymer Adsorption on Carbonates Through Single-Phase and Two-Phase Studies

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