The Effect of Monomolecular Films on the Evaporation of Ether Solutions.

Langmuir, Irving; Langmuir, David B.

doi:10.1021/j150281a011

Cited by 120 publications

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“…Hedestrand (141) concluded that a monomolecular film of fatty acid reduced the rate of evaporation of water very little, if at all; however, Kideal (243) and Langmuir and Langmuir (176) found that fatty acids spread on the water surface reduce evaporation greatly. Kideal (244-246), , and Schofield and Rideal (258,259) studied the effects of temperature and polar groups on the equilibrium pressure, investigated the mechanism and rate of spreading, and calculated the latent heat of fusion for some of the organic compounds by an application of the Calpeyron equation.…”

Section: Techniques In Evaporation Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Langmuir and Langmuir (176) showed that oils have greater resistance to evaporation than other monomolecular layers. Kohwer (251) showed that surface oil films reduce evaporation of water in proportion to then* thickness, but the relatively rapid dissipation of oil by wind, rain, or other agents, renders this method uneconomical for the conservation of large areas of water.…”

Section: -5®--3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of literature on evaporation suppression

Magin¹,

Randall²

1960

Professional Paper

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Section: Techniques In Evaporation Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -5®--3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of literature on evaporation suppression

Magin¹,

Randall²

1960

Professional Paper

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“…2 For many years, important studies in laboratory scale were carried out in order to identify the optimal substances and conditions for reducing water evaporation. [3][4][5] Among the surfactants tested, biodegradable fatty alcohols of low toxicity presented the highest resistance to water evaporation, especially 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol. 2 The first field experiment was conducted in Australia in the beginning of the 50's, and the obtained evaporation reductions of 30% called attention of many research groups and governments around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of evaporation of natural water samples by monomolecular films

Gugliotti¹,

Baptista²,

Politi³

2005

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A capacidade de filmes monomoleculares de álcoois graxos em reduzir a evaporação de amostras naturais de água, coletadas em dois reservatórios de São Paulo (Guarapiranga e Billings), foi estudada em laboratório. As reduções da evaporação foram determinadas diretamente, medindo-se o volume de água evaporado dos recipientes de teste após certo tempo. Filmes mistos de hexadecanol e octadecanol apresentaram alto potencial de redução da evaporação (até 57%) e persistência na superfície da água, por cerca de 48 horas. Uma breve discussão sobre a melhor eficiência desses filmes mistos na redução da evaporação de água é também apresentada.The ability of monomolecular films of fatty alcohols in reducing evaporation of natural water samples collected from two reservoirs in São Paulo (Guarapiranga and Billings) was studied in the laboratory. Evaporation reductions were determined directly by measuring the volume of water evaporated from the test recipients after a certain period of time. Mixed films of hexadecanol and octadecanol showed high potential of evaporation reduction (up to 57%) and persistence on the water surface of ca. 48 hours. A brief discussion on the better efficiency of these mixed films in reducing water evaporation is also presented. Keywords: water, evaporation, fatty alcohols, monomolecular films, surface tension IntroductionWater is the most precious natural resource available to mankind. Most of our usable fresh water is retained in lakes and reservoirs, but this type of storage allows for the greatest loss of water by evaporation. The increasing demand for municipal and industrial fresh water, and the current increase in the global temperature indicate that it is necessary to employ techniques for reducing evaporation aiming at the conservation of water supplies.It has been known for a long time that monomolecular films of certain surfactants can retard water evaporation. 1 This seems to be the only viable technology for reducing the evaporative losses of water from reservoirs. 2 For many years, important studies in laboratory scale were carried out in order to identify the optimal substances and conditions for reducing water evaporation. [3][4][5] Among the surfactants tested, biodegradable fatty alcohols of low toxicity presented the highest resistance to water evaporation, especially 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol. 2 The first field experiment was conducted in Australia in the beginning of the 50's, and the obtained evaporation reductions of 30% called attention of many research groups and governments around the world. 6,7 In the following decades, several experimental and theoretical works were published, and the main conclusions were collected in a review published in 1986. 8 Although the spreading of a monomolecular film on the surface of a reservoir has been considered as an alternative technology for fresh water conservation by the United Nations Environment Programme, only a few investigations on this subject have been reported in the last years. 9 Among the most recent works on this subje...

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“…Comprehensive study of many compounds has been carried out in laboratory to identify such compounds which can effectively work as WER. In 1927, Langmuir found that straight chain fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol can effectively retard evaporation of water 4 . After laboratory scale investigations, the first field experiment for the testing of cetyl alcohol was carried out in Australia around 1950 and it was found that cetyl alcohol can retard evaporation of water up to 30% 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of CaCl2 on the Evaporation Reduction ability of Cetyl Alcohol

Upadhyay¹

2018

IJRASET

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World is heading towards water crises due to rapid increase in population and industrial growth. In order to overcome water crisis it is necessary to develop novel techniques of water conservation. Retardation of water evaporation by using chemicals is one such novel method for the conservation of water. Cetyl alcohol is found to be very effective in reducing water evaporation. Here, efficiency of cetyl alcohol as water evaporation retardant (WER) is studied in the presence of CaCl 2 . Calcium and chloride ions are commonly found in the most of natural reservoirs hence this study is useful for the assessment of efficiency of cetyl alcohol as WER in natural water reservoirs. Presence of calcium and chloride ions is found to be supportive in water evaporation retardation moreover it is observed that efficiency of cetyl alcohol remains unaffected by the presence of CaCl 2 . Keywords: Water, evaporation, retardation, fatty alcohol, cetyl alcohol I.INTRODUCTION Water is the most crucial compound exists on the earth. Two third part of earth is covered with the water but only 2.5 % of total water is potable water. Out of 2.5% potable water only 1 % is accessible while remaining 1.5% potable water is trapped in snowfields and glaciers 1 . Nowadays demand of potable water is increasing day by day due to increase in population and industrialization. This increasing demand of water leads us towards water crises. It is believed that water crises can create serious threat to mankind in upcoming years 2 . In order to overcome this problem it is necessary to employ new techniques for the conservation of water. Evaporation retardation by using chemicals is a technique which can prove useful for the conservation of water. In 1925, it was found that certain compounds which can form layer on water surface can considerably retard water evaporation. These substances are termed as "Water evaporation retardants" and popularly known as "WER" 3 . Comprehensive study of many compounds has been carried out in laboratory to identify such compounds which can effectively work as WER. In 1927, Langmuir found that straight chain fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol can effectively retard evaporation of water 4 . After laboratory scale investigations, the first field experiment for the testing of cetyl alcohol was carried out in Australia around 1950 and it was found that cetyl alcohol can retard evaporation of water up to 30% 5 . Success of this field trial catches worldwide attention and comprehensive research in this area has been carried out rapidly 6 to 13 . Reputed research institutes of many countries like United States of America, Australia, India, Israel etc. have started comprehensive studies in this area of research. After comprehensive laboratory research and field trial cetyl alcohol is found to be an effective evaporation retardant. Most of laboratory investigations are made by using distilled water. Idea behind this practice is to eliminate probable errors in the estimation of evaporation reduction arises due to presenc...

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The Effect of Monomolecular Films on the Evaporation of Ether Solutions.

Cited by 120 publications

References 0 publications

Review of literature on evaporation suppression

Review of literature on evaporation suppression

Reduction of evaporation of natural water samples by monomolecular films

Effect of CaCl2 on the Evaporation Reduction ability of Cetyl Alcohol

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