“…Low availability of water, suboptimal temperatures, long days, excessive salinity, and high amounts of N in the soil greatly affect nodulation in chickpea (Dart et al, 1975;Rupela and Saxena, 1987;Elsheikh and Wood, 1990;Ben Romdhane et al, 2009). On the other hand, SNF in chickpea is negatively influenced by the deficiency of such nutrients as P, Fe, Mo, Co, B, and Zn (Yadav and Shukla, 1983;Yanni, 1992;Khan et al, 2014;Esfahani et al, 2016). Both the nodule number and the diversity of chickpeanodulating rhizobia were adversely influenced by drought in a study by Ben Romdhane et al (2009).…”