The Effect of Moisture on Firefighter Protective Clothing Thermal Insulation: A Review of Industry Research

Stull, Jeffrey O.

doi:10.1520/stp14470s

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Extensive research has been conducted to better understand heat transfer mechanisms and to improve protective clothing design and performance, leading to a decrease in thermal injuries experienced by individuals in high-risk environments. However, Stull [1] and Mäkinen et al [2] reported that even when wearing improved garments, a substantial number of burn injuries occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Effects in Heat Transfer Through Clothing Systems for Wildland Firefighters

Lawson

Crown²,

Ackerman³

et al. 2004

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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Wildland firefighters work in unfavourable environments involving both heat and moisture. Moisture in clothing systems worn by wildland firefighters may increase or decrease heat transfer, depending on its source and location in the clothing system, location on the body, timing of application and degree of sorption. In this experiment, 4 outerwear/underwear combinations were exposed to 1 of 5 different conditions varying on amount and location of moisture. The fabric systems were then exposed to either a high-heat-flux flame exposure (83 kW/m(2)) or a low-heat-flux radiant exposure (10 kW/m(2)). Under high-heat-flux flame exposures, external moisture tended to decrease heat transfer through the fabric systems, while internal moisture tended to increase heat transfer. Under low-heat-flux radiant exposures, internal moisture decreased heat transfer through the fabric systems. The nature and extent of such differences was fabric dependent. Implications for test protocol development are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Effects in Heat Transfer Through Clothing Systems for Wildland Firefighters

Lawson

Crown²,

Ackerman³

et al. 2004

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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“…convection, radiation and conduction), the amount, the location and the transfer of the moisture (i.e. moisture and steam), the type and conditioning of the materials and the duration and intensity of thermal exposure [11]. In these studies, only time for second degree burn or alarm time was used as the criterion for the evaluation of thermal protection, which is dependent on the temperature rise and the dry heat transfer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Analysis for the Prediction of Steam Formation and Transfer in Multilayer Thermal Protective Clothing at Low Level Thermal Radiation

Keiser

Rossi

2008

Textile Research Journal

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It is important to understand the process of evaporation and steam transfer through firefighter protective clothing in order to be able to prevent steam burns. As humidity sensors are too slow to measure fast changes of humidity inside the clothing layers, temperature changes were used to analyze the evaporation of moisture. Temperature measurements turned out to be useful to predict the evaporation speed within the clothing layers, as temperatures remain constant during the evaporation. The measurements showed that the temperatures within the clothing layers containing a wet layer never rose higher than the temperatures within dry clothing. As soon as all moisture had evaporated, temperature increase followed exactly the curves of the measurements of dry samples.

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“…Studies show that the presence and distribution of moisture have a complex effect on heat transfer through insulating materials (Stull, 2000;Lawson et al ., 2004;Barker et al ., 2006 ); some of these fi ndings are contradictory (Rossi et al ., 2004). Convection/conduction and radiation are the two main heat transfer modes between heated fabrics and a calorimeter sensor.…”

Section: Moisture Effects and Steam Burnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame resistant textiles for structural and proximity fire fighting

Song

2013

Handbook of Fire Resistant Textiles

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The Effect of Moisture on Firefighter Protective Clothing Thermal Insulation: A Review of Industry Research

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Moisture Effects in Heat Transfer Through Clothing Systems for Wildland Firefighters

Moisture Effects in Heat Transfer Through Clothing Systems for Wildland Firefighters

Temperature Analysis for the Prediction of Steam Formation and Transfer in Multilayer Thermal Protective Clothing at Low Level Thermal Radiation

Flame resistant textiles for structural and proximity fire fighting

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