The effect of milk consumption on bone mass density in obese and thin adult women

Abstract

SummaryStudy aim: To assess the effect of milk consumption lasting two months on BMD of obese and thin young women. Material and methods: A group of 38 untrained women (18 obese [O] -BMI>30, and 20 thin [T] -BMI<20), aged 20 -25, years participated in the study. They were randomly assigned into BMI-matched experimental [E] or control [C] groups containing 9 obese and 10 thin subjects each. Experimental groups were given 2 glasses of milk (600 mg/day of calcium; fat content 1.5%) for 2 months, 3 days a week. At the beginning (Pre) and at the end (Post) of the study, bone mass density (BMD) at the hip and spine (L 2 -L 4 ) was measured using DEXA technique, and oestrogens, calcium and phosphorus were determined in serum. Body fat content (%F) and lean body mass (LBM) were determined using the bioimpedance (BIA) technique. Results: In both experimental groups BMD significantly (p<0.05 -0.001) increased in both areas by 4 -7%. In the TE group, %F significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 8% and LBM significantly (p<0.001) increased by 3%. Serum calcium decreased in all groups except OC by 3 -5% (p<0.05 -0.01) and oestrogens markedly increased in all groups except TC. Conclusion: The data suggest that adequate milk intake (thus calcium) in adolescence is an indicator of attaining adequate bone mass density, thus preventing the risk of osteoporosis.

Meeting and exceeding dairy recommendations: effects of dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and risk of chronic disease

“…18 Additionally, lean body mass increased and percent body fat decreased in the lean milk-consuming group. 18 The results of these studies indicate that exceeding daily dairy recommendations may have beneficial effects on markers of bone health and body composition in female adults.…”

“…In a trial that examined the effect of milk consumption on body composition in lean and obese premenopausal females, an average of just two added servings of reduced‐fat milk three days a week to the normal diet of both lean and obese participants for 8 weeks resulted in increased bone mineral density of the hip and spine compared with that in controls who did not consume any additional dairy foods . Additionally, lean body mass increased and percent body fat decreased in the lean milk‐consuming group . The results of these studies indicate that exceeding daily dairy recommendations may have beneficial effects on markers of bone health and body composition in female adults.…”

“…Based on the review of the scientific literature by the DGAC, the 2010 DGA stated there was moderate evidence linking dairy consumption with improved bone health, especially in children and adolescents . Since the release of the DGAC report, several RCTs reinforced that dairy consumption also has benefits on bone health in adults, particularly in women (Table ) . In a 4‐month trial in overweight premenopausal women who consumed a calorie‐restricted diet, three or more daily servings of low‐fat dairy foods (average daily calcium intakes above 1,300 mg) combined with resistance exercise increased lumbar spine bone mineral density compared with one or fewer servings of low‐fat dairy foods per day combined with resistance exercise .…”

“…Greater gains in lean muscle mass and a decrease in fat mass compared with the control group were also observed, showing a beneficial effect of four daily servings of milk on total body composition during weight loss . In a trial that examined the effect of milk consumption on body composition in lean and obese premenopausal females, an average of just two added servings of reduced‐fat milk three days a week to the normal diet of both lean and obese participants for 8 weeks resulted in increased bone mineral density of the hip and spine compared with that in controls who did not consume any additional dairy foods . Additionally, lean body mass increased and percent body fat decreased in the lean milk‐consuming group .…”

“…3 Since the release of the DGAC report, several RCTs reinforced that dairy consumption also has benefits on bone health in adults, particularly in women (Table 2). 14,16,[18][19][20] In a 4-month trial in overweight premenopausal women who consumed a calorie-restricted diet, three or more daily servings of low-fat dairy foods (average daily calcium intakes above 1,300 mg) combined with resistance exercise increased lumbar spine bone mineral density compared with one or fewer servings of low-fat dairy foods per day combined with resistance exercise. 20 In another study in healthy, young premenopausal women who followed a 12-week diet and resistance-exercise plan, four daily servings of fat-free milk added to participants' normal diets resulted in improved markers of bone turnover compared with an isoenergetic carbohydrate con- Table 2 Effects of dairy intake on markers of bone health: summary of randomized clinical trials conducted between June 2010 and September 2011, using the search terms "dairy," "milk," "bone health," and "body composition."…”