“…The adverse effects of biofouling and economic penalties to the marine industries are well known ( Bekiari et al, 2015 ; Dang & Lovell, 2016 ). In addition, fouling is also known to cause destruction of metallic surfaces by accelerating the corrosion rate ( Edyvean, Thomas & Brook, 1988 ). Numerous efforts are being made to control biofouling with applications of physical, chemical, biological compounds, but it is achieved to the greatest extent only with the use of anti-fouling paint coatings ( Cao et al, 2011 ; Iorhemen, Hamza & Tay, 2016 ; Lade, Paul & Kweon, 2014 ).…”