The Effect of Malaria and HIV Co-Infection on Anemia

Naing, Cho; Sandhu, Nisha Kaur; Wai, Victor Nyunt

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003205

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Patients may therefore require periodic blood transfusion corresponding to clinical symptomatic state, but this is not without risks ranging from transfusion reactions and risk of other infections . The incidence of severe anemia in BU/HIV coinfection may also require that a first choice drug namely Zidovudine be replaced with Tenofovir as per protocol in most Sub‐Saharan regions . Tenofovir however is not readily stocked at most antiretroviral therapy (ART) centers at the sub‐districts and may pose serious treatment challenges .…”

Section: Secondary Lesions Occurring After Bu Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tenofovir however is not readily stocked at most antiretroviral therapy (ART) centers at the sub‐districts and may pose serious treatment challenges . In terms of effectiveness of drug therapy in BU/HIV coinfected cases, there are concerns about interaction between one of the first option ARTs (Nevirapine) and the antimycobacteria drug rifampicin, where it has been noted that the drug concentration of Nevirapine tends to decrease with such interactions …”

Section: Secondary Lesions Occurring After Bu Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges associated with the treatment of Buruli ulcer

Aboagye

Kpeli

Tuffour³

et al. 2018

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), is the third most important mycobacterial diseases after tuberculosis and leprosy in immunocompetent individuals. Although the mode of transmission remains an enigma, disease incidence has been strongly linked to disturbed environment and wetlands. The blunt of the diseases is recorded in West African countries along the Gulf of Guinea, and children 15 years and below account for about 48% of all cases globally. Prior to 2004, wide surgical excisions and debridement of infected necrotic tissues followed by skin grafting was the accepted definitive treatment of BU. However, introduction of antibiotic therapy, daily oral rifampicin (10 mg/kg) plus intramuscular injection of streptomycin (15 mg/kg), for 8 weeks by the WHO in 2004 has reduced surgery as an adjunct for correction of deformities and improved wound healing. An all-oral regimen is currently on clinical trial to replace the injectable. It is thought that a protective cloud of the cytotoxic toxin mycolactone kills infiltrating leucocytes leading to local immunosuppression and down-regulation of the systemic immune system. Our studies of lesions from BU patients treated with SR have demonstrated treatment-associated initiation of vigorous immune responses and the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue in the BU lesions. Despite these interventions, there are still challenges that bedevil the management of BU including paradoxical reactions, evolution of lesions after therapy, prolong viability of MU in BU lesions, and development of secondary bacterial infection. In this paper, we will mainly focus on the critical and pertinent challenges that undermine BU treatment toward effective control of BU.

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Section: Secondary Lesions Occurring After Bu Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secondary Lesions Occurring After Bu Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges associated with the treatment of Buruli ulcer

Aboagye

Kpeli

Tuffour³

et al. 2018

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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“…Both malaria and HIV are highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, which may increase the prevalence of such co-infection 41 . Although the prevalence of the co-infection of malaria, especially with P. falciparum, and HIV has been previously reported in Africa [41][42][43] , only a few studies described cases of HIV/PvCo patients. In fact, from our initial search, only 2% of studies dealt with HIV/PvCo, which could be due to several factors, such as low coinfection rates, low prevalence of severe cases and therefore, lack of reporting, and most importantly, lack of systematic HIV screening in vivax malaria positive patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should We Care About Plasmodium Vivax and HIV Coinfection? A Systematic Review and a Cases Series From the Brazilian Amazon

Del-Tejo

Cubas-Vega

Caraballo-Guerra

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background. Malaria and HIV are two important public health issues. However, data on HIV-Plasmodium vivax co-infection (HIV/PvCo) is scarce, with most of the available data related to P. falciparum in the African region. It is unclear whether HIV can change the clinical course of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria, and thereby increase the risk of complications. In this study, a systematic review of the HIV/PvCo is presented, including new cases from the Brazilian Amazon. Methods. Medical records from a tertiary care center in the Western Brazilian Amazon (2009 to 2018) were reviewed to identify HIV/PvCo hospitalized patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics, and outcomes are reported. We also performed a systematic review of published studies on HIV/PvCo. Metadata, number of HIV/PvCo cases, demographic, clinical, and outcome data were extracted if available. Results. A total of 1048 vivax malaria patients were hospitalized in the 10-year period; 21 (2.0%) were HIV/PvCo cases, of which nine (42.9%) had AIDS-defining illnesses. For eleven (52.4%) patients, this was their first malaria infection. Seven (33.3%) patients were unaware of their HIV status and were diagnosed at hospitalization. Severe malaria criteria were found in 5 (23.8%) patients. One patient died. The systematic review provided 17 articles (12 cross-sectional or longitudinal studies and 5 case report studies). A higher prevalence of studies involved cases in African and Asian countries (35.3% and 29.4%, respectively), and the prevalence of reported co-infections ranged from 0.1 to 60%. Cases of severe malaria-HIV coinfection were not reported. Conclusion. Reports of HIV/PvCo are scarce in the literature, with only a few studies describing clinical and laboratory outcomes. Systematic screening for both co-infections are not performed, and therefore, a realistic prevalence of HIV/PvCo is absent. This study showed a low prevalence of HIV/PvCo, despite local malaria and HIV high prevalence. Even though relatively small, this is the largest case series to describe HIV/PvCo.

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“…An estimated pooled prevalence of HIV and malaria co-infection of 12% has been reported among pregnant women (Naing et al, 2016). There are several important interactions between maternal HIV infection and PM.…”

Section: Maternal Risk Factors For Placental Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a conceptual framework of the impact of placental malaria on infant neurodevelopment

Lawford

Lee

Kumar

et al. 2019

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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A novel conceptual framework to describe the relationship between placental malaria and adverse infant neurodevelopmental outcomes is proposed. This conceptual framework includes three distinct stages:(1) maternal and environmental risk factors for the development of placental malaria; (2) placental pathology and inflammation associated with placental malaria infection; and (3) postnatal impacts of placental malaria. The direct, indirect, and bidirectional effects of these risk factors on infant neurodevelopment across the three stages were critically examined. These factors ultimately culminate in an infant phenotype that not only leads to adverse birth outcomes, but also to increased risks of neurological, cognitive, and behavioural deficits that may impact the quality of life in this high-risk population. Multiple risk factors were identified in this conceptual framework; nonetheless, based on current evidence, a key knowledge gap is the uncertainty regarding which are the most important and how exactly they interact.

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The Effect of Malaria and HIV Co-Infection on Anemia

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text

Cited by 32 publications

References 62 publications

Challenges associated with the treatment of Buruli ulcer

Challenges associated with the treatment of Buruli ulcer

Should We Care About Plasmodium Vivax and HIV Coinfection? A Systematic Review and a Cases Series From the Brazilian Amazon

Establishing a conceptual framework of the impact of placental malaria on infant neurodevelopment

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