The Effect of Magnetic Field on HTS Leads What Happens when thePower Fails at RAL?

Abstract

This report describes the development and application of a dispatch optimization algorithm for integrated energy systems (IES) comprised of on-site cogeneration of heat and electricity, energy storage devices, and demand response opportunities. This work is intended to aid commercial and industrial sites in making use of modern computing power and optimization algorithms to make informed, nearoptimal decisions under significant uncertainty and complex objective functions. The optimization algorithm uses a finite set of randomly generated future scenarios to approximate the true, stochastic future; constraints are included that prevent solutions to this approximate problem from deviating from solutions to the actual problem.The algorithm is then expressed as a mixed integer linear program, to which a powerful commercial solver is applied. A case study of United States Postal Service Processing and DistributionCenters (P&DC) in four cities and under three different electricity tariff structures is conducted to 1) determine the added value of optimal control to a cogeneration system over current, heuristic control strategies; 2) determine the value of limited 2 electric load curtailment opportunities, with and without cogeneration; and 3) determine the trade-off between least-cost and least-carbon operations of a cogeneration system.Key results for the P&DC sites studied include 1) in locations where the average electricity and natural gas prices suggest a marginally profitable cogeneration system, optimal control can add up to 67% to the value of the cogeneration system; optimal control adds less value in locations where cogeneration is more clearly profitable; 2) optimal control under real-time pricing is a) more complicated than under typical time-of-use tariffs and b) at times necessary to make cogeneration economic at all; 3) limited electric load curtailment opportunities can be more valuable as a compliment to the cogeneration system than alone; and 4) most of the trade-off between least-cost and least-carbon IES is determined during the system design stage; for the IES system considered, there is little difference between leastcost control and least-carbon control.i Preface This report describes the development and application of a dispatch optimization algorithm for integrated energy systems comprised of on-site cogeneration of heat and electricity, energy storage devices, and demand response opportunities. This work is intended to aid commercial and industrial sites in making use of modern computing power and optimization algorithms to make informed, near-optimal decisions under significant uncertainty and complex objective functions.This work makes headway in the more general and daunting field of multi-stage operational optimization, where multi-stage is in the hundreds of time-steps and optimization is over many mixed-integer decision variables. The context of the work, however, is an application to commercial and industrial energy consumption, a topic rising in popularity on the coat-tails of economic...

The Effect of Magnetic Field on the Position of HTS Leads and the Cooler in the Services Tower of the MICE Focusing Magnet

“…Running the first stage of the cooler at the lowest possible temperature means that the temperature margin at the top of the HTS leads will be maximized. The helps protect the HTS lead from quenching when the magnet discharges during a power failure [7] V. COOLER SELECTION AND COOLER LOCATION Cooler selection is an important part of the design of the magnet when the cooler must operate in a magnetic field [8]. There are two types of coolers that are commercially available for cooling the magnets in MICE.…”

“…The field perpendicular to the displacer tube should not be greater than 0.05 T. The field parallel to the axis of the displacer can be higher (perhaps as high as 0.15 T). Studies at Oxford [7] show that a GM cooler motor can be shielded for inductions of 0.1 T in any direction. When the induction is increased to 0.35 T, the induction within the motor varies from 0.18 to 0.27 T depending on the field direction.…”

“…The motor can be shielded by replacing the aluminum motor and valve housing with one made from soft iron. Studies at Oxford [7] show that the motor for a PT415 cooler can be shielded for inductions up to 0.3 T in any direction. There is a concern about whether the motor iron shield will affect the quality of the magnetic field on the axis of the MICE cooling channel.…”

AC Losses in the MICE Channel Magnets -- Is This a Curse or aBlessing?

“…The AC loss blessing is that the sensible heat from the helium boil off gas can be used to cool the upper end of the HTS leads and the magnet shield. Much less added mass in the shield (if any at all) is needed to keep the HTS leads cold during a rapid discharge or when there is a power failure in the MICE hall [8]. Protection of the magnet HTS leads becomes much easier as long the boil off helium is employed to cool the upper end of the HTS leads.…”

The Results of Tests of the MICE Spectrometer Solenoids

“…The two match coils and the three coil tracker set are powered by three 300 A power supplies. The two 110 mm-long end coils are tuned using a pair of 60 A power supplies [3].…”