The Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide Addition on the Extinguishing Efficiency of Sodium Bicarbonate Powders

Abstract

This article analyzes the possibility of the modification of BC powder (a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate) with magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). Extinguishing efficiency as well as the influence of this additive on other physicochemical properties were determined by performing a 13B fire test, rheological measurements of the powders, thermal tests (thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in combination with quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS)) and microscopic observations of the powders’ surface (scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS)). It was found that the increase of the Mg(OH)2 content causes deterioration of the rheological properties by increasing the slope angle of the flow curve in relation to the normal stress (the tangent of the flow curve slope varying from 0.258 for 5% of Mg(OH)2 up to 0.330 for 20% of Mg(OH)2). However, at the same time, the increased content of Mg(OH)2 increases the total energy of the chemical decomposition reaction (from −47.27 J/g for 5% of Mg(OH)2 up to −213.6 J/g for 20% of Mg(OH)2) resulting in the desirable higher level of heat removal from the fire. The initial extinguishing effect of the fire becomes more effective as the hydroxide content increases (within the first 2 s), but at a later stage (from t = 63 s), the temperature is no longer sufficient (it is below 350 °C) for thermal decomposition of Mg(OH)2. As such, the optimal content of Mg(OH)2 is 10–15%. The obtained results allowed for the assessment of the impact of individual powder components on its extinguishing effect and will contribute to the development of science in the field of developing new types of extinguishing powders.

A simple and economical fire test setup for examining the fire retardancy/extinguishing ability of water additive fire‐retardant materials on class A fires

“…These facts are also considered in dry powder extinguishers. 17,23,24 However, the efficacy of materials is usually tested on a larger scale before practical utilization. As mentioned, all the tests require a larger volume of powder and water, and hence most of the time they remained as a limitation for screening.…”

“…This vapor again can cool down the temperature of the fire environment and also dilutes the oxygen (in the surroundings) finally leading to the suppression of fire. These facts are also considered in dry powder extinguishers 17,23,24 . However, the efficacy of materials is usually tested on a larger scale before practical utilization.…”

Application of Nanotechnology in Extinguishing Agents

“…It includes "BC" and "ABC" powders as well as "D" special powder intended for extinguishing class D fires, i.e., metal fires. Since powder extinguishing agents are compositions containing powdered chemical compounds characterized by flame inhibition, the extinguishing capabilities of powders depend on their chemical composition and determine the use of a given powder for extinguishing certain types of fires (Table 1) [10]. The effectiveness of extinguishing powders is related to their properties, in particular the ability to deactivate free radicals, which then affects the interruption of the chain combustion reaction.…”