The effect of longer-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance after an acute creatine loading

Theodorou, Apostolos; Cooke, Carlton; King, Rhodri; Hood, Colin; Denison, T.; Wainwright, Barney; Havenetidis, Konstantinos

doi:10.1080/026404199365416

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Improvements in sprint performance after creatine supplementation have been shown in handball [58], football [59], ice hockey [60], soccer [50][51][52]61], swimming [62], and track athletes [63]. Briefly, Kreider in 1998 [22] and Stout in 1999 [59] reported improvements in sprint performance by collegiate American football players after supplementing their diet with combinations of creatine (5.25-15.75 g) and carbohydrates (33-99 g).…”

Section: Sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations

et al. 2021

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Creatine is one of the most studied and popular ergogenic aids for athletes and recreational weightlifters seeking to improve sport and exercise performance, augment exercise training adaptations, and mitigate recovery time. Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise activities, in addition to potentiating exercise training adaptations. In this respect, supplementation consistently demonstrates the ability to enlarge the pool of intracellular creatine, leading to an amplification of the cell’s ability to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate. This intracellular expansion is associated with several performance outcomes, including increases in maximal strength (low-speed strength), maximal work output, power production (high-speed strength), sprint performance, and fat-free mass. Additionally, creatine supplementation may speed up recovery time between bouts of intense exercise by mitigating muscle damage and promoting the faster recovery of lost force-production potential. Conversely, contradictory findings exist in the literature regarding the potential ergogenic benefits of creatine during intermittent and continuous endurance-type exercise, as well as in those athletic tasks where an increase in body mass may hinder enhanced performance. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing literature surrounding the efficacy of creatine supplementation on exercise and sports performance, along with recovery factors in healthy populations.

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Section: Sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations

et al. 2021

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“…The most likely benefits for swimmers come from using creatine in the training phase to enhance training adaptations to interval and resistance training. However, while there are studies that report an enhancement of the performance of such sessions in highly trained swimmers 71 , there is some controversy about it at the moment 72 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional needs in the professional practice of swimming: a review

Domínguez

Jesús-Sánchez-Oliver

Cuenca³

et al. 2017

JENB

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[Purpose]Swimming requires developing a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity for strength and technical efficiency. The purpose of this study was to establish the nutritional requirements and dietary strategies that can optimize swimming performance. [Methods]Several related studies retrieved from the databases, Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science, through keyword search strategies were reviewed. [Results]The recommended carbohydrate intake ranges between 6-10-12 g/kg/d, protein 2 g/kg/d, and fat should surpass 20-25% of the daily intake. [Conclusion]Performance can be optimized with a hydration plan, as well as adequate periodization of supplements, such as caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, B-alanine, beetroot juice, Vitamin D, bovine colostrum, and HMB.

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“…It was hypothesized that CRE would improve sprint performance, as CRE is thought to be particularly effective for repetitive high-intensity bouts lasting ≤30 seconds (5). A number of previous studies have shown CRE supplementation to improve performance on both single (34) and repeated (4, 9, 30, 34, 36) sprint tests, with samples ranging from recreationally active (30) to elite-level athletes (36). However, McKenna et al (26) demonstrated that CRE did not improve performance on a repeated sprint test consisting of five ten-second sprints with variable rest periods in recreationally active subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine Loading

Trexler

Smith‐Ryan

Roelofs

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 5 d of creatine (CRE) loading alone or in combination with caffeine anhydrous (CAF) or coffee (COF) on upper and lower body strength and sprint performance. Physically active males (n=54; Mean ± SD; Age = 20.1 ± 2.1 yrs; Weight = 78.8 ± 8.8 kg) completed baseline testing, consisting of one-repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions to fatigue (RTF) with 80% 1RM for bench press (BP) and leg press (LP), followed by a repeated sprint test of five, 10 s sprints separated by 60 s rest on a cycle ergometer to determine peak power (PP) and total power (TP). At least 72 hr later, subjects were randomly assigned to supplement with CRE (5 g creatine monohydrate, 4 times*d−1; n=14), CRE+CAF (CRE + 300 mg*d−1 of CAF; n=13), CRE+COF (CRE + 8.9 g COF, yielding 303 mg caffeine; n=13), or placebo (PLA; n=14) for 5 d. Serum creatinine (CRN) was measured prior to and following supplementation and on day six, participants repeated pre-testing procedures. Strength measures were improved in all groups (p<0.05), with no significant time × treatment interactions. No significant interaction or main effects were observed for PP. For TP, a time × sprint interaction was observed (p<0.05), with no significant interactions between treatment groups. A time × treatment interaction was observed for serum CRN values (p<0.05) that showed increases in all groups except PLA. Four subjects reported mild gastrointestinal discomfort with CRE+CAF, with no side effects reported in other groups. These findings suggest that neither CRE alone, nor in combination with CAF or COF, significantly affected performance compared to PLA.

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The effect of longer-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance after an acute creatine loading

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations

Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations

Nutritional needs in the professional practice of swimming: a review

Effects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine Loading

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