The effect of long-term dehydration and subsequent rehydration on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the camel kidney

Abstract

Background Dehydration has deleterious effects in many species, but camels tolerate long periods of water deprivation without serious health compromise. The kidney plays crucial role in water conservation, however, some reports point to elevated kidney function tests in dehydrated camels. In this work, we investigated the effects of dehydration and rehydration on kidney cortex and medulla with respect to pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress and apoptosis along with corresponding gene expression. Results The cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 levels were significantly elevated in the kidney cortex of dehydrated camel, possibly expressed by tubular epithelium, podocytes and/or mesangial cells. Elevation of IL-18 persisted after rehydration. Dehydration induced oxidative stress in kidney cortex evident by significant increases in MDA and GSH, but significant decreases in SOD and CAT. In the medulla, CAT decreased significantly, but MDA, GSH and SOD levels were not affected. Rehydration abolished the oxidative stress. In parallel with the increased levels of MDA, we observed increased levels of PTGS1 mRNA, in MDA synthesis pathway. GCLC mRNA expression level, involved in GSH synthesis, was upregulated in kidney cortex by rehydration. However, both SOD1 and SOD3 mRNA levels dropped, in parallel with SOD activity, in the cortex by dehydration. There were significant increases in caspases 3 and 9, p53 and PARP1, indicating apoptosis was triggered by intrinsic pathway. Expression of BCL2l1 mRNA levels, encoding for BCL-xL, was down regulated by dehydration in cortex. CASP3 expression level increased significantly in medulla by dehydration and continued after rehydration whereas TP53 expression increased in cortex by rehydration. Changes in caspase 8 and TNF-α were negligible to instigate extrinsic apoptotic trail. Generally, apoptotic markers were extremely variable after rehydration indicating that animals did not fully recover within three days. Conclusions Dehydration causes oxidative stress in kidney cortex and apoptosis in cortex and medulla. Kidney cortex and medulla were not homogeneous in all parameters investigated indicating different response to dehydration/rehydration. Some changes in tested parameters directly correlate with alteration in steady-state mRNA levels.

Transcriptomic plasticity of the hypothalamic osmoregulatory control centre of the Arabian dromedary camel

“…Samples used in this study were collected from nineteen male dromedary camels aged 4-5 years old, and with a body weight range of 276–416 kg. Body weights for all groups were calculated at baseline date and every five days thereafter using the formula, live weight (Kg) = Shoulder height x chest girth x hump girth x 50 72 as we have reported 73 , 74 . The camels were supplied with alfalfa hay as feed and were ranch-housed outside Al Ain, United Arab Emirates during the hot months (April and May) of 2016, under careful veterinary supervision.…”

Dihydroartemisinin, a potential PTGS1 inhibitor, potentiated cisplatin-induced cell death in non-small cell lung cancer through activating ROS-mediated multiple signaling pathways

“…Increasing evidences suggested that COX pathway activation leads to ROS production by influencing various enzymes responsible for ROS generation [29] . It has been reported that PTGS1 was involved in malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis, an oxidative stress biomarker [30] , indicating that silencing PTGS1 may disrupt the synthesis of MDA, potentially leading to a redox imbalance. Despite the accumulating evidence highlighting the significance of PTGS1 in tumor progression and oxidative stress, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the interaction between DHA and PTGS1 in anti-NSCLC activity remain poorly understood.…”

Landscape of Global Gene Expression Reveals Distinctive Tissue Characteristics in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

“…Whole-genome sequencing has provided insights into the genetic diversity and genetic domestication of wild and domestic camels [11,12]. Furthermore, previous studies analyzed changes in gene expression in the kidney [13][14][15], adipose tissue [16], fat depots, ileum and liver [17] of camels in response to high salinity and drought conditions.…”