The effect of lithium on pupillary response to pulses of light in sheep

Seggie, Jo; Steiner, Meir; Wright, N.; Orpen, Gail

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90021-8

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We have previously found our method sensitive enough to discriminate response to light stimuli that differed in intensity by 1 log unit (8). This compares very favourably with similar sensitivity of the pupil to different light intensities in the human (13).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

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Glycine Inhibition of Pupillary Responses to Pulses of Light in Conscious Sheep

Seggie

Wright²

1989

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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The use of a 1.5% glycine solution as a bladder irrigant during surgical removal of the prostate has been associated with transient visual impairment. Glycine is thought to be an inhibitory retinal transmitter. Adult female sheep were infused with a 1.5% glycine solution to provide a dose of 0, 7.5, 15, 30, or 60 g of glycine. The volume control was a solution of dextrose and saline. The degree of constriction of the pupil in response to 30 seconds of bright light following dilation in the dark was used as an index of visual response. Observations were made before and 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after a single infusion. Significant inhibition of pupil response to light but not to the dark was apparent following systemically administered glycine resulting in plasma levels over 5000 u.mol/L. Inhibition of pupil response was paralleled by behavioral indices of visual impairment but not by changes in plasma sodium, potassium, chloride or osmolality. The duration of the effect was dose dependent with visual impairment following a single high dose of glycine being detectable five days later and long after glycine levels had returned to normal. However, the relationship between dose, time, and effect appears to be complex. It is important to note that the present observations occurred at plasma glycine levels frequently experienced in routine surgical practice. The finding that significant long term detrimental effects of glycine could be detected should evoke a re-evaluation of the use of glycine as an irrigating solution for surgical procedures and stimulate further investigation of the effects of glycine on retinal function and the ability to perceive light.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…This method proved advantageous in demonstrating the effect of drugs on perception (8) in comparison with other techniques used in humans (9). Furthermore, the technique was sufficiently sensitive to delineate a dose response curve for pupil size to light over an intensity range of 0 -150 uW/cm2 (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Glycine Inhibition of Pupillary Responses to Pulses of Light in Conscious Sheep

Seggie

Wright²

1989

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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“…The size of the sheep pupil, like that of presumably most ungulates, depends on degree of ambient illumination (Seggie et al, 1989). Although the range of pupil movements in most ungulates is unclear, what seems certain is that their horizontally oblong or circular pupils do not close down as much as the slit-like pupils of animals such as cats (Section 3.1.2.3.5; Fig.…”

Section: Ungulatamentioning

confidence: 99%

The pupillary light responses of animals; a review of their distribution, dynamics, mechanisms and functions

Douglas

2018

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

103

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The timecourse and extent of changes in pupil area in response to light are reviewed in all classes of vertebrate and cephalopods. Although the speed and extent of these responses vary, most species, except the majority of teleost fish, show extensive changes in pupil area related to light exposure. The neuromuscular pathways underlying light-evoked pupil constriction are described and found to be relatively conserved, although the precise autonomic mechanisms differ somewhat between species. In mammals, illumination of only one eye is known to cause constriction in the unilluminated pupil. Such consensual responses occur widely in other animals too, and their function and relation to decussation of the visual pathway is considered. Intrinsic photosensitivity of the iris muscles has long been known in amphibia, but is in fact widespread in other animals. The functions of changes in pupil area are considered. In the majority of species, changes in pupil area serve to balance the conflicting demands of high spatial acuity and increased sensitivity in different light levels. In the few teleosts in which pupil movements occur they do not serve a visual function but play a role in camouflaging the eye of bottom-dwelling species. The occurrence and functions of the light-independent changes in pupil size displayed by many animals are also considered. Finally, the significance of the variations in pupil shape, ranging from circular to various orientations of slits, ovals, and other shapes, is discussed.

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“…Taken together, observations that serotonin precursors and agonists decrease the phaseshifting response to light (Glass et al, 1995;Rea et al, 1994), and that clorgyline elevates 5-HT within the SCN (Ozaki et al, 1993), raise the possibility that clorgyline's enhancement of 5-HT function may mediate clorgyline's attenuating effect on the pacemaker's phase-shifting response to light. With regard to lithium, there is also substantial evidence that it enhances serotonergic neurotransmission (de Montigny, 1981;de Montigny et al, 1988;Muller-Oerlinghausen 1985;Price et al, 1990) and alters retinal and pupillary func-tion (Reme et al, 1987(Reme et al, , 1988(Reme et al, , 1990Seggie, 1988;Seggie et al, 1989aSeggie et al, , 1989b. Therefore, it is possible that lithium's capacity to modify the effect of light input on the circadian pacemaker may be responsible for its reported capacity to facilitate entrainment to LD cycles that have periods greater than 24 h (McEachron et al, 1981;Reinhard, 1985;Schweizer et al, 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

Decreased Sensitivity to Light of the Photic Entrainment Pathway during Chronic Clorgyline and Lithium Treatments

Duncan¹,

Johnson²,

Wehr

1998

J Biol Rhythms

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Certain antidepressant drugs (ADs) cause disturbances in sleep that could result from their capacity to alter the timing of circadian rhythms. Effects on the timing of rhythms could be due to the drugs' known capacity to alter the frequency of the intrinsic rhythm of the circadian pacemaker, or to a capacity to modify the pacemaker's response to external stimuli that serve as time cues (Zeitgebers) that regulate the timing (phase) of its rhythm. To examine the possibility that ADs alter the sensitivity of the system that mediates the phase-shifting effects of light, hamsters were treated chronically with the MAOI, clorgyline, and lithium. Each hamster was then exposed to a single 5-min light pulse (intensity range = 0.00137 to 137 microW/cm2) at circadian phases known to elicit phase advances (CT18) and phase delays (CT13.5) in the daily onset of wheel running. The half-saturation constant (sigma), photic sensitivity (1/sigma), and maximum phase-shifting response to light were estimated from the best-fit stimulus response curves. In addition, threshold sensitivity, the light intensity required to produce a threshold phase-shifting response, was determined. Clorgyline decreased the magnitude of light-induced phase advances at each of the light intensities tested. Clorgyline also decreased the magnitude of light-induced phase delays at low light intensities, but increased the magnitude of phase delays at higher light intensities. Clorgyline decreased the sensitivity of the photic phase-shifting system, as indicated both by the threshold sensitivities at CT13.5 and CT18, and by 1/sigma at CT13.5. Lithium decreased the threshold sensitivity at CT18, and 1/sigma at CT13.5. Lithium decreased the magnitude of phase delays, but not phase advances. Clorgyline's effects on the photic entrainment pathway may be mediated by its effects on serotonin, which has been shown to modulate the pacemaker's response to morning and evening light, and by tolerance to this effect of serotonin. The fact that both clorgyline and lithium decrease the photic sensitivity of the entrainment pathway suggests that other psychoactive drugs might also share this property. It is possible that the decreased sensitivity to light of the entrainment pathway affects the clinical response to these and other psychoactive medications.

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The effect of lithium on pupillary response to pulses of light in sheep

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Glycine Inhibition of Pupillary Responses to Pulses of Light in Conscious Sheep

Glycine Inhibition of Pupillary Responses to Pulses of Light in Conscious Sheep

The pupillary light responses of animals; a review of their distribution, dynamics, mechanisms and functions

Decreased Sensitivity to Light of the Photic Entrainment Pathway during Chronic Clorgyline and Lithium Treatments

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