The Effect of Light Intensity and Temperature on Plant Growth and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Soybean

Ballantine, J. Elizabeth M.; Forde, B. J.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1970.tb09919.x

Cited by 62 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Effects of light and temperature on chloroplast ultrastructure and development have been investigated in various pigment-deficient mutants (6,17), in detached leaves of etiolated plants (9), and in normal mature leaves (2). Rapidly occurring changes in the ultrastructure or size of isolated chloroplasts caused by light (3) and divalent cations (7) have also been described.…”

Section: Materails and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants under Climatic Stress

Taylor¹,

Craig²

1971

Plant Physiol.

128

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Mesophyll chloroplasts of the C-pathway grasses Sorghum and Paspalum and of the Cr-pathway legume soybean undergo ultrastructural changes under moderate light intensities (170 w m'2, 400-700 nanometers) at a tme when photosynthesis is much reduced by low temperature (10 C). The pattern of ultrastructural change was similar in these species, despite some differences in the initial sites of low temperature action on photosynthesis and differences in their meanisms of CO2 fixation. Starch grains in the chloroplasts rapidly reduce in size when chilling stress is applied. At or before the time starch grains completely disappear the membranes of the individual stromal thylakoids close together, reducing the intraspace between them while the chloroplast as a whole begins to swelL Extensive granal stacking appears to hold the thylakoids in position for some time, cansing initial swelling to occur in the zone of the peripheral reticulum, when present. At more advanced stages of swelling the thylakoid system unravels while the thylakoid intraspaces dilate markedly. Initial thylakoid intraspace contraction is tentatively aseribed to an increase in the transmembrane hydrogen ion gradient causing movement of cations and undissociated organic acids from the thylakoid intraspace to the stroma. Chloroplast swelling may be caused by a hold-up of some osmotically active photosynthetic product in the chloroplast stroma. After granal unraveling and redilation of the thylakoid intraspaces, ehloroplasts appear similar to those isolated in low salt hypotonic media. At the inital stages of stres-induced ultrastructural change, a marked gradient in degree of chloroplast swelling is seen within and between cells, being most pronounced near the surface of the leaf directly exposed to light. synthetic disruption. Chloroplasts of the C,-pathway tropical grasses Paspalum and Sorghum and of the warm temperature C,-pathway legume soybean were investigated. MATERAILS AND METHODSPlants and Plant Conditioning. Plants used were Sorghum hybrid NK 145, Paspalum dilatatum Poir, and Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. Merit. Potting media, plant nutrients, and controlled environment cabinets were as described previously (18).Plants were given three phases of treatment, usually at 170 w-m' (400-700 nm) with 12-hr photoperiods. They were preconditioned at a constant day-night temperature of 25 C for 11 to 14 days. The temperature was then lowered to 10 C day and night for several days and then returned to 25 C. Temperatures were lowered at the commencement of a dark period, unlike previous work (18), and took 10 to 15 min to reach and stabilize at 10 + 1 C. In some investigations involving Sorghum, only the day or only the night temperature was reduced to 10 C and some plants were shaded to 50 w * m-' during the low temperature treatment.Electron Microscopy. Samples were taken from the middle region of youngest-mature leaves 9 hr after the commencement of 12-hr photoperiods. Leaf sections 1 x 5 mm were cut under cold 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate b...

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Section: Materails and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants under Climatic Stress

Taylor¹,

Craig²

1971

Plant Physiol.

128

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“…Among chilling sensitive plants such as Gossypium, Paspalum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Glycine max, the chloroplast is the first of the organelles to show ultrastructural damage from chilling (1,11,29,35). Changes in chloroplast function have been tabulated for five chilling-sensitive species (26) and decline in photoreductive activity is common (10,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Pigment Composition in Chilling-Stressed Soybeans

Musser¹,

Thomas²,

Wise³

et al. 1984

Plant Physiol.

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Shoots of 16-day-old soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Ransom) were chilled to 10°C for 7 days and monitored for visible signs of damage, ultrastructural changes, perturbations in fluorescence of chlorophyll (Chl), and quantitative changes in Chi a and b and associated pigments. Precautions were taken to prevent the confounding effects of water stress. A technique for the separation of lutein and zeaxanthin was developed utilizing a step gradient with the high performance liquid chromatograph. Visible losses in Chl were detectable within the first day of chilling, and regreening did not occur until the shoots were returned to 25°C. Ultrastructurally, unstacking of chloroplast grana occurred, and the envelope membranes developed protrusions. Furthermore, the lipids were altered to the point that the membranes were poorly stabilized by a glutaraldehyde/osmium double-fixation procedure. Chl fluorescence rates were greatly reduced within 2 hours after chilling began and returned to normal only after rewarming. The rapid loss of Chl that occurred during chilling was accompanied by the appearance of zeaxanthin and a decline in violaxanthin. Apparently a zeaxanthin-violaxanthin epoxidation/de-epoxidation cycle was operating. When only the roots were chilled, no substantial changes were detected in ultrastructure, fluorescence rates, or pigment levels.A large number of crop plants originated in the tropics or subtropics and begin to show deleterious responses as the temperature is lowered below 20°C. If there is physiological and structural damage, it is referred to as 'chilling injury.' The phenomenon has been well described (5,12,13).Among chilling sensitive plants such as Gossypium, Paspalum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Glycine max, the chloroplast is the first of the organelles to show ultrastructural damage from chilling (1,11,29,35). Changes in chloroplast function have been tabulated for five chilling-sensitive species (26) and decline in photoreductive activity is common (10,14). Since changes in photosynthetic electron transfer activity can be monitored fluorometrically in intact leaves (20,26), changes in fluorescence of Chl have the potential for serving as a very early sign of chilling injury. This expectation is tested herein.Aside from the light energy transfer role of the carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes, they are known protectants of Chl against photooxidation. Apparently under chilling conditions, the equilibrium is shifted in the direction of excessive photooxidation (16, 29

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“…Our expectation was therefore that Trichomanes speciosum would have still fewer, or yet larger, chloroplasts than Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum. As neither proved to be the case, we predicted that each chloroplast might have abundant thylakoids, because the chloroplasts of angiosperm, pteridophyte and bryophyte species, which are either naturally found in shaded conditions or which are grown in darkness, have been described as having grana comprising many thylakoids (Ballantine & Forde, 1970;Boardman, 1977;Duckett, 1986;Nasrulhaq-Boyce & Duckett, 1991;Sarafis, 1998). Plants with low chlorophyll a : b ratios typically have abundant photosystem II, and as this is located in grana, their chloroplasts usually have many grana per given volume of stroma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, chloroplasts of shade plants typically contain many thylakoids per granum; they may reach one hundred or more (Ballantine & Forde, 1970;Boardman, 1977;Duckett, 1986;Sarafis, 1998). For example, some chloroplasts of an extreme-shade angiosperm, Alocasia macrorrhiza , have grana comprising more than 100 thylakoids with a mean around 43 (Anderson et al , 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gametophyte morphology and ultrastructure of the extremely deep shade fern, Trichomanes speciosum

Makgomol

Sheffield

2001

New Phytologist

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Summary• The extent to which macro-and micromorphological features might contribute to tolerance of extremely deep shade by Trichomanes speciosum , a member of the filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), is reported here.• Confocal laser scanning, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructure of gametophytes and sporophyte leaves.• Gametophyte filament cells contain numerous small, spherical or ovoid chloroplasts, whereas sporophyte leaf cells have fewer, slightly larger, disc-shaped chloroplasts. The chloroplast grana of gametophytic cells have fewer thylakoids than sporophyte cells, although grana are not numerous in either. Gametophyte filament cell walls resemble those of sporophyte leaf cells, with two or more layers of electron-opaque material and covered in a thin cuticle. Gemma cell wall ultrastructure does not differ from that of gametophyte filament cells; rhizoid cell walls are thick and several-layered.• Neither gametophyte filaments nor sporophyte leaves have chloroplasts of the extreme forms reported for deep shade fern or angiosperm leaves. The success of the fern is attributed to a low metabolic rate and inability of other species to cope with extreme low light.

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The Effect of Light Intensity and Temperature on Plant Growth and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Soybean

Cited by 62 publications

References 19 publications

Plants under Climatic Stress

Plants under Climatic Stress

Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Pigment Composition in Chilling-Stressed Soybeans

Gametophyte morphology and ultrastructure of the extremely deep shade fern, Trichomanes speciosum

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