The effect of Korean pine nut oil on in vitro CCK release, on appetite sensations and on gut hormones in post-menopausal overweight women

Abstract

Appetite suppressants may be one strategy in the fight against obesity. This study evaluated whether Korean pine nut free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) work as an appetite suppressant. Korean pine nut FFA were evaluated in STC-1 cell culture for their ability to increase cholecystokinin (CCK-8) secretion vs. several other dietary fatty acids from Italian stone pine nut fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and capric acid used as a control. At 50 μM concentration, Korean pine nut FFA produced the greatest amount of CCK-8 release (493 pg/ml) relative to the other fatty acids and control (46 pg/ml). A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial including 18 overweight post-menopausal women was performed. Subjects received capsules with 3 g Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut FFA, 3 g pine nut TG or 3 g placebo (olive oil) in combination with a light breakfast. At 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes the gut hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, and appetite sensations were measured. A wash-out period of one week separated each intervention day.CCK-8 was higher 30 min after pine nut FFA and 60 min after pine nut TG when compared to placebo (p < 0.01). GLP-1 was higher 60 min after pine nut FFA compared to placebo (p < 0.01). Over a period of 4 hours the total amount of plasma CCK-8 was 60% higher after pine nut FFA and 22% higher after pine nut TG than after placebo (p < 0.01). For GLP-1 this difference was 25% after pine nut FFA (P < 0.05). Ghrelin and PYY levels were not different between groups. The appetite sensation "prospective food intake" was 36% lower after pine nut FFA relative to placebo (P < 0.05).This study suggests that Korean pine nut may work as an appetite suppressant through an increasing effect on satiety hormones and a reduced prospective food intake.

β-Lactoglobulin-linoleate complexes: In vitro digestion and the role of protein in fatty acid uptake

“…Secretion of CCK by FA is dependent on FA structure, chain length, degree of unsaturation and whether it is in the free or bound form (Beard Shall et al, 1989, Douglas et al, 1990, Feltrin et al, 2007, Pasman et al, 2008.…”

Newly published studies on satiety benefits of Korean pine nut oil (PinnoThin™)

“…Previous studies have shown that PinnoThin™ TG is digested to FFA, like similar dietary TG [31]. Furthermore, in the previous PinnoThin™ trial [28], the effects of CCK response took longer to develop for TG (60 minutes) compared to the FFA (30 minutes). Consequently, insufficient time had passed between the intake of the TG capsules and the ad libitum lunch for lipase action to convert sufficient TG to FFA.…”

“…The effect of pine nut oil on CCK in humans was evaluated in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial [28]. In this study, eighteen overweight, but otherwise healthy, post-menopausal women participated in this study.…”

“…Murine endocrine STC-1 cells were utilized in this study to investigate the capacity of Korean pine nut oil or PinnoThin TM to induce CCK compared to another type of pine nut (Italian pine nut) and common dietary fatty acids [28]. STC-1 cells secrete CCK in response to a number of stimuli and are a useful took for examining the pathways involved in CCK secretion [29].…”

Insulinotropic Effect of Herbal Drugs for Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Congregational Approach

“…Seeds (50 mg/dose of each FFA) of Pinus koraiensis in human female subjects showed that GLP-1 was higher after 60 minutes of administration [11].…”