The effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Amini, Mohammad Reza; Aminianfar, Azadeh; Naghshi, Sina; Larijani, Bagher; Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad

doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1867957

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Interventions that can modulate pathways involved in both AD and obesity may provide additional insight into the underlying mechanisms linking these complex diseases. The ketogenic diet, characterized by low carbohydrate and high fat intake ( Maalouf et al, 2009 ), has been shown to reduce Aβ pathology ( Van der Auwera et al, 2005 ), improve memory ( Krikorian et al, 2012 ), and enhance weight loss and body composition ( Amini et al, 2021 ). However, the joint effects of a ketogenic diet on AD biomarkers and adiposity have not been studied to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Adiposity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Following a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Brinkley¹,

Leng

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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BackgroundKetogenic diets have been used to treat both obesity and neurological disorders, including epilepsy and more recently Alzheimer’s disease (AD), likely due to favorable effects on both central and peripheral metabolism. Improvements in body composition have also been reported; however, it is unclear if diet-induced changes in adiposity are related to improvements in AD and related neuropathology.PurposeWe examined the effects of a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic (MMK) diet vs. an American Heart Association (AHA) diet on body weight, body composition, and body fat distribution and their association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in older adults at risk for AD.MethodsTwenty adults (mean age: 64.3 ± 6.3 years, 35% Black, 75% female) were randomly assigned to a crossover trial starting with either the MMK or AHA diet for 6 weeks, followed by a 6-week washout and then the opposite diet for 6 weeks. At baseline and after each diet adiposity was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CSF biomarkers were measured. Linear mixed effect models were used to examine the effect of diet on adiposity. Spearman correlations were examined to assess associations between adiposity and CSF biomarkers.ResultsAt baseline there was a high prevalence of overweight/obesity and central adiposity, and higher visceral fat and lower peripheral fat were associated with an adverse CSF biomarker profile. The MMK and AHA diets led to similar improvements in body composition and body fat distribution. Significant correlations were found between changes in adiposity and changes in CSF biomarkers (r’s = 0.63–0.92, p’s < 0.05), with notable differences by diet. Decreases in body fat on the MMK diet were related to changes in Aβ biomarkers, whereas decreases in body fat on the AHA diet were related to changes in tau biomarkers and cholinesterase activity. Interestingly, increases in CSF Aβ on the MMK diet occurred in those with less fat loss.ConclusionAn MMK diet leads to favorable changes in body composition, body fat distribution, and CSF biomarkers. Our data suggest that modest weight loss that maximizes visceral fat loss and preserves peripheral fat, may have the greatest impact on brain health.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02984540].

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Adiposity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Following a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Brinkley¹,

Leng

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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“…This is similar to other studies showing that KD is a safe nutritional option in this age group. 31 , 32 A modest increase in cholesterol and lipid profiles can be seen as a long-term protentional side effect of KD. In the present study, cholesterol levels were elevated during follow-up compared with other parameters, which has also been observed in other cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of non-fasting ketogenic diet protocol in the management of intractable epilepsy in pediatric patients: a single center study from Saudi Arabia

et al. 2022

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Objective To review the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients on a ketogenic diet (KD), an established treatment option for individuals with intractable epilepsy, in a tertiary epilepsy center. Methods This retrospective study included pediatric patients diagnosed with intractable epilepsy who had experienced no benefits from at least two appropriately chosen antiseizure medications. All patients were hospitalized, started a KD without fasting, and were observed for complications and tolerance. The etiology of epilepsy, side effects, and KD efficacy on seizure outcomes were also examined. Results Of 16 children included in the study, nine (56%) experienced significant seizure improvement, with three becoming seizure-free during the KD. Ten patients were fed orally, and six were fed through gastrostomy feeding tubes. Most were on a 3:1 ratio, and nine reached ketosis within the first three days of KD initiation. Initial recurrent hypoglycemia was documented in four patients, and four experienced vomiting and acidosis. Most families complied with the diet, and all of the children gained weight during the study period. Conclusion Ketogenic diets are an established and effective treatment for childhood epilepsy, with reversible mild adverse effects. A non-fasting KD protocol is a safe and effective option for children with intractable epilepsy.

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“…240 In particular, among obese individuals and patients with T2DM, KD can significantly improve weight loss, body fat mass, BMI, BP, blood glucose level, and HbA 1c level. [241][242][243][244][245] It may also have additional benefits, such as the prevention of muscle loss, appetite control, and hormonal regulation. 246,247 However, KD does have some potential risks, such as an elevated LDL-c 248 and, in some cases, ketoacidosis and kidney disease.…”

Section: Ketogenic Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the KD has demonstrated great promise in improving cardiometabolism 240 . In particular, among obese individuals and patients with T2DM, KD can significantly improve weight loss, body fat mass, BMI, BP, blood glucose level, and HbA 1c level 241–245 . It may also have additional benefits, such as the prevention of muscle loss, appetite control, and hormonal regulation 246,247 .…”

Section: Dietary Patterns With Potential For Cardiometabolic Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

MedComm

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For centuries, the search for nutritional interventions to underpin cardiovascular treatment and prevention guidelines has contributed to the rapid development of the field of dietary patterns and cardiometabolic disease (CMD). Numerous studies have demonstrated that healthy dietary patterns with emphasis on food-based recommendations are the gold standard for extending lifespan and reducing the risks of CMD and mortality. Healthy dietary patterns include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, and food intake patterns such as calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, Mediterranean diet, plant-based diets, etc. Early implementation of healthy dietary patterns in patients with CMD is encouraged, but an understanding of the mechanisms by which these patterns trigger cardiometabolic benefits remains incomplete. Hence, this review examined several dietary patterns that may improve cardiometabolic health, including restrictive dietary patterns, regional dietary patterns, and diets based on controlled macronutrients and food groups, summarizing cutting-edge evidence and potential mechanisms for CMD prevention and treatment. Particularly, considering individual differences in responses to dietary composition and nutritional changes in organ tissue diversity, we highlighted the critical role of individual gut microbiota in the crosstalk between diet and CMD and recommend a more precise and dynamic nutritional strategy for CMD by developing dietary patterns based on individual gut microbiota profiles.

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The effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Cited by 18 publications

References 67 publications

Changes in Adiposity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Following a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Changes in Adiposity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Following a Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

The efficacy of non-fasting ketogenic diet protocol in the management of intractable epilepsy in pediatric patients: a single center study from Saudi Arabia

Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism

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