The Effect of Kaolinite Intercalation on the Structural Arrangements of N-Methylformamide and 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

Kelleher, Brian P.; Sutton, D.; O’Dwyer, Thomas F.

doi:10.1006/jcis.2002.8666

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1) and further slight increase in the basal spacing was obtained upon intercalating DMSO (1.13 nm); these results are similar to previous studies focused on the intercalation of kaolinite by NMF and DMSO, respectively [7,8,13,14] .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Kaolinite is also characterized by a low cationic exchange capacity (CEC) which gives rise to a more difficult intercalation of inorganic and=or organic molecules than in the case of swelling clays such as montmorillonite [4,5] . The expansion of kaolinite by intercalation of potassium acetate [6] , dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) [7] and N-methylformamide (NMF) [8] were reported. The intercalation of organic entities inside the interlamellar space of kaolinite is usually carried out by displacement of preintercalated entities, such as DMSO or NMF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic Effect of Various Kaolinite Forms on the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylacetate Using Acetone Sodium Bisulfite as Initiator

Essawy

Badran

El-Hakim

et al. 2007

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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Kaolinite was intercalated with N-methylformamide (NMF) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), separately. The intercalation of these species expanded the basal space of kaolinite from 0.72 to 1.08 and 1.13 nm, respectively as shown by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). Emulsion polymerization of vinylacetate (VAc) was carried out at different temperatures (60-80 C) using acetone sodium bisulfite as initiator in the absence and presence of untreated as well as the modified forms of kaolinite (K-NMF, K-DMSO). The results revealed that the presence of kaolinite decreased the rate of polymerization (Rp) by factor of 4 at 60 and 70 C and 7 at 80 C and also the activation energy of polymerization (E a ) was decreased from 43.35Â10 4 to 10.32Â10 4 J mole À1 if compared with the polymerization of VAc in absence of kaolinite. Using the modified forms of kaolinite (K-NMF, K-DMSO) enhanced the Rp and reduced effectively the E a to À27.92 and À55.78, respectively. Conversely to untreated kaolinite, the Rp was declining with increasing the temperature in these cases. In all cases, Rp was the highest in the absence of any kaolinite form but in the same time the E a was also the highest. These results were discussed and explained on the basis of the catalytic activity of the different forms, radical scavenging nature of the kaolinite, and chain transfer.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Effect of Various Kaolinite Forms on the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylacetate Using Acetone Sodium Bisulfite as Initiator

Essawy

Badran

El-Hakim

et al. 2007

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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“…Similar modification processes have been reported by other authors [11,12]. Other efficient modifications have also been reported for the kaolinite, for instance poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [13], n-methyl formamide (NMF) [14], 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone [14] or 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHA) [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Development of EVOH-kaolinite nanocomposites

Cabedo

Giménez

Lagarón

et al. 2004

Polymer

141

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“…The insertion of the highly polar organic molecules like DMSO [8], NMF [9], pyridine-N-oxide [10] and some other organic molecules such as formamide [11,12], potassium acetate [13][14][15], acetamides [16,17], hydrazine [18][19][20], urea [21] and ammonium acetate [22] into the interlayer space of kaolinite by breaking the van der Waals and H-bonds between kaolinite layers is called intercalation [23]. The intercalations of the small molecules into kaolinite layers cause an increase in the basal spacing from 7.18 Å to 10.00-14.70 Å and thus, this expansion permits insertion of large-sized non-reacting molecules by displacement methods [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. In recent years, hybrid organic-inorganic materials are prepared by displacement of organic molecules into kaolinite layers at the molecular level such as ethylene glycol [42,43], butanediols [44], pyridine-carboxylic acids [45], D-sorbitol [46], alkanols, diols, glycol mono-esters [47], n-alkylamines [48], alkoxysilanes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%