The Effect of Intensity, Frequency, Duration and Volume of Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents on Skeletal Muscle Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wu, Chunchun; Xu, Yongjin; Chen, Zhaojing; Cao, Yuelong; Ke-hong, YU; Huang, Cong

doi:10.3390/ijerph18189640

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review in patients with PD that attempts at evaluating the effect on BDNF levels of different characteristics of exercise, such as intensity, volume and type. A similar analysis was carried out in previous systematic reviews of the literature in youth and athletes (Lesinski et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2021), but not in patients with PD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after different exercise protocols: a systematic review of clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease

Paterno,

Polsinelli,

Federico

2024

Front. Physiol.

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Background: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) serum levels are reduced in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD).Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of exercise intensity, volume and type on BDNF levels in patients with PD.Methods: We searched clinicaltrials.gov, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science for both controlled and non-controlled studies in patients with PD, published between 2003 and 2022, which assessed Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor before and after different exercise protocols. Exercise intensity was estimated using a time-weighted average of Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET), while exercise volume was estimated by multiplying MET for the duration of exercise. Exercise types were classified as aerobic, resistance, balance and others. We computed two distinct standardized measures of effects: Hedges’ g to estimate differences between experimental and control group in pre-post intervention BDNF changes, and Cohen’s d to measure pre-post intervention changes in BDNF values for each study arm. Meta-regression and linear regression were used to assess whether these effect measures were associated with intensity, volume and type. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023418629.Results: Sixteen studies (8 two-arm trials and 8 single-arm trials) including 370 patients with PD were eligible for the systematic review. Selected studies had a large variability in terms of population and intervention characteristics. The meta-analysis showed a significant improvement in BDNF levels in the exercise group compared to the control group, Hedges’ g = 0.70 (95% CI: 0.03, 1.38), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 76.0%). Between-group differences in intensity were positively associated with change in BDNF in a subset of 5 controlled studies. In the analysis which included non-controlled studies, intensity and total exercise volume were both positively associated with BDNF change. No difference was found according to exercise type.Conclusion: Exercises of greater intensity may increase BDNF levels in patients with PD, while the role of volume of exercise needs to be further explored.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after different exercise protocols: a systematic review of clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease

Paterno,

Polsinelli,

Federico

2024

Front. Physiol.

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“…The lack of improvements on other muscular fitness components (i.e. abdominal muscular endurance and upper limbs power) may be attributed to the focus on higher aerobic intensity physical activities instead of more resistance-based exercises, agreeing with how the intervention is designed may be a crucial factor for success [ 39 ] since usually muscular fitness improvements are observed within physical activity-based [ 40 ] and school-based [ 41 ] interventions amongst children and adolescents. Moreover, García-Hermoso et al [ 22 ] systematically reviewed the literature and demonstrated that physical education interventions based on quality over quantity may be sufficient to increase health-related physical fitness components because it integrates a conscientiously structured and planned physical education class.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a physical education intervention on children’s physical activity and fitness: the PROFIT pilot study

Reis,

Reuter,

Burns

et al. 2024

BMC Pediatr

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Background Physical education classes are widely accepted as one of the most effective settings for promoting physical activity and health and have often been used to implement physical activity interventions. The aim of this pilot study was to test a physical education intervention program on physical activity levels and physical fitness in a sample of school-age children. Methods Participants were a convenience sample of 50 children (34 experimental group and 16 in the comparative group) aged between 6 and 11 years old (Mean = 8.28 years). A 21-week intervention was implemented, consisting of high-intensity and physical fitness-focused exercises, in addition to a once-a-month extra class nutritional education. The following variables were evaluated before and post-intervention: physical fitness, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate physical activity (MVA), and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Propensity score analyses calculated the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) within a quasi-experimental framework. Results Physical fitness variables showed improvements after the intervention, specifically for agility (ATET = -0.67 s; p < 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (ATET = 89.27 m; p = 0.045), lower limbs power (ATET = 4.47 centimeters; p = 0.025), and speed (ATET = -1.06 s; p < 0.001). For physical activity and SB levels, there were no improvements after intervention implementation. Conclusion The intervention program showed preliminary effectiveness to improve physical fitness of children, but not SB nor physical activity.

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“…The limit of no more than six hours of sports performance a week was set arbitrarily. Yet, physical activity and the balance between active and sedentary time is an important aspect influencing muscle and skeletal growth (Gabel et al, 2015; Meinhardt et al, 2017; Tan et al, 2018; Wu et al, 2021; Zymbal et al, 2019). No detailed documentation on sport participation or physical activity was collected in the included children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3–18 years—a cross‐sectional ultrasound study

et al. 2023

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During childhood, muscle growth is stimulated by a gradual increase in bone length and body mass, as well as by other factors, such as physical activity, nutrition, metabolic, hormonal, and genetic factors. Muscle characteristics, such as muscle volume, anatomical cross‐sectional area, and muscle belly length, need to continuously adapt to meet the daily functional demands. Pediatric neurological and neuromuscular disorders, like cerebral palsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are characterized by impaired muscle growth, which requires treatment and close follow‐up. Nowadays ultrasonography is a commonly used technique to evaluate muscle morphology in both pediatric pathologies and typically developing children, as it is a quick, easy applicable, and painless method. However, large normative datasets including different muscles and a large age range are lacking, making it challenging to monitor muscle over time and estimate the level of pathology. Moreover, in order to compare individuals with different body sizes as a result of age differences or pathology, muscle morphology is often normalized to body size. Yet, the usefulness and practicality of different normalization techniques are still unknown, and clear recommendations for normalization are lacking. In this cross‐sectional cohort study, muscle morphology of four lower limb muscles (medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, the distal compartment of the semitendinosus, rectus femoris) was assessed by 3D‐freehand ultrasound in 118 typically developing children (mean age 10.35 ± 4.49 years) between 3 and 18 years of age. The development of muscle morphology was studied over the full age range, as well as separately for the pre‐pubertal (3–10 years) and pubertal (11–18 years) cohorts. The assumptions of a simple linear regression were checked. If these assumptions were fulfilled, the cross‐sectional growth curves were described by a simple linear regression equation. Additional ANCOVA analyses were performed to evaluate muscle‐ or gender‐specific differences in muscle development. Furthermore, different scaling methods, to normalize muscle morphology parameters, were explored. The most appropriate scaling method was selected based on the smallest slope of the morphology parameter with respect to age, with a non‐significant correlation coefficient. Additionally, correlation coefficients were compared by a Steiger's Z‐test to identify the most efficient scaling technique. The current results revealed that it is valid to describe muscle volume (with exception of the rectus femoris muscle) and muscle belly length alterations over age by a simple linear regression equation till the age of 11 years. Normalizing muscle morphology data by allometric scaling was found to be most useful for comparing muscle volumes of different pediatric populations. For muscle lengths, normalization can be achieved by either allometric and ratio scaling. This study provides a unique normative database of four lower limb muscles in typically developing children between the age ...

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The Effect of Intensity, Frequency, Duration and Volume of Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents on Skeletal Muscle Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Cited by 10 publications

References 78 publications

Changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after different exercise protocols: a systematic review of clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease

Changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after different exercise protocols: a systematic review of clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease

Effects of a physical education intervention on children’s physical activity and fitness: the PROFIT pilot study

A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3–18 years—a cross‐sectional ultrasound study

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