The Effect of Inspiratory Resistance on Exercise Performance and Perception in Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia

Seo, Yongsuk; Vaughan, Jeremiah A.; Quinn, Tyler D.; Followay, Brittany N.; Roberge, Raymond J.; Glickman, Ellen L.; Kim, Jung-Hyun

doi:10.1089/ham.2017.0103

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This study confirmed that Rf, V T , andV E decreased and BR% increased after wearing surgical masks, especially in the peak period of exercise. Seo et al (2017) tested nine healthy men wearing masks with different inspiratory resistances, and the results also showed that Rf andV E decreased with the increase of inspiratory resistance. However, Roberge et al studies20 healthy adult subjects walking on a flat plate at a speed of 5.6 km/h for 1 h with or without wearing surgical masks, and the results showed that wearing masks caused an increase in Rf by 1.6 beats/min (p = 0.02) (Roberge et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Young Subjects: A Crossover Study

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2021

Front. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Mask plays an important role in preventing infectious respiratory diseases. The influence of wearing masks in physical exercise on the human body needs to be studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of wearing surgical masks on the cardiopulmonary function of healthy people during exercise.Methods: The physiological responses of 71 healthy subjects (35 men and 36 women, age 27.77 ± 7.76 years) to exercises with and without surgical masks (mask-on and mask-off) were analyzed. Cardiopulmonary function and metabolic reaction were measured by the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). All tests were carried out in random sequence and should be completed in 1 week.Results: The CPETs with the mask-on condition were performed undesirably (p < 0.05), and the Borg scale was higher than the mask-off (p < 0.001). Rest oxygen uptake (V.O2) and carbon dioxide production (V.CO2) with the mask-on condition were lower than mask-off (p < 0.01), which were more obvious at peak exercise (V.O2peak: 1454.8 ± 418.9 vs. 1628.6 ± 447.2 ml/min, p < 0.001; V.CO2peak: 1873.0 ± 578.7 vs. 2169.9 ± 627.8 ml/min, p = 0.005), and the anaerobic threshold (AT) brought forward (p < 0.001). At different stages of CPET with the mask-on condition, inspiratory and expiratory time (Te) was longer (p < 0.05), and respiratory frequency (Rf) and minute ventilation (V.E) were shorter than mask-off, especially at peak exercise (Rfpeak: 33.8 ± 7.98 vs. 37.91 ± 6.72 b/min, p < 0.001; V.Epeak: 55.07 ± 17.28 vs. 66.46 ± 17.93 l/min, p < 0.001). VT was significantly lower than mask-off just at peak exercise (1.66 ± 0.45 vs. 1.79 ± 0.5 l, p < 0.001). End-tidal oxygen partial pressure (PetO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), oxygen ventilation equivalent (V.E/V.O2), and carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent (V.E/V.CO2) with mask-on, which reflected pulmonary ventilation efficiency, were significantly different from mask-off at different stages of CPET (p < 0.05), but no significant difference in percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) was found. Differences in oxygen pulse (V.O2/HR), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), work efficiency (△V.O2/△W), peak heart rate (HR), and peak systolic blood pressure (BP) existed between two conditions (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Wearing surgical masks during aerobic exercise showed certain negative impacts on cardiopulmonary function, especially during high-intensity exercise in healthy young subjects. These results provide an important recommendation for wearing a mask at a pandemic during exercises of varying intensity. Future research should focus on the response of wearing masks in patients with related cardiopulmonary diseases.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Young Subjects: A Crossover Study

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2021

Front. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Seven studies examined the impact of wearing nonN95 oronasal masks including surgical masks, cloth masks, and Hans Rudolph oronasal masks designed for exercise testing (Figure 2) during exercise. 10,13,26,33,37,38,42 All of these studies were crossover studies by design with an average age of subjects ranging from 23 to 34 years. Heart rate (HR) was included as a study parameter in each analysis, and each study demonstrated no meaningful difference in HR when wearing masks during exercise.…”

Section: Healthy Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 Several studies studied peak power and oxygen saturation, and reported no differences seen when subjects were wearing masks. 26,37,38 Lactate was measured by 2 studies, with Fikenzer et al noting decreased peak lactate response with mask use and Lassing et al noting no difference in change in lactate observed with or without surgical masks. 13,26 Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was studied in 6 of the 7 studies and was found to be similar with and without mask use in most.…”

Section: Healthy Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,26 Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was studied in 6 of the 7 studies and was found to be similar with and without mask use in most. 10,26,33,37,38,42 Only in the study by Seo et al, in which the effect of inspiratory resistance (IR) was evaluated in normobaric hypoxic conditions (17% oxygen) was an increase in RPE seen when IR was added to the oronasal masks (4.5 and 7.5 cm water (H 2 O)/l/s). 37 Two studies studied both N95 and surgical masks through a prospective crossover design with subjects using the cycle ergometer until exhaustion.…”

Section: Healthy Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,26,33,37,38,42 Only in the study by Seo et al, in which the effect of inspiratory resistance (IR) was evaluated in normobaric hypoxic conditions (17% oxygen) was an increase in RPE seen when IR was added to the oronasal masks (4.5 and 7.5 cm water (H 2 O)/l/s). 37 Two studies studied both N95 and surgical masks through a prospective crossover design with subjects using the cycle ergometer until exhaustion. 10,13 Epstein et al found no difference in physiologic parameters including HR, RR, BP, oxygen saturation, and time to exhaustion.…”

Section: Healthy Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mask Use for Athletes: A Systematic Review of Safety and Performance Outcomes

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Context: With the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for mask use to minimize transmission of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) coupled with concern for future pandemics that would require mask wearing, providing data-driven guidance with respect to athletic performance is essential. Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of existing literature on the use of face masks while exercising to assess the physiologic effects of face masks worn during athletic activities. Data Sources: A systematic review was conducted of studies on face mask use during exercise according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Potential studies were identified through searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and CINAHL databases. Study Selection: Screening was completed independently by 2 coauthors who sought to identify studies that described the effects of oronasal mask use, if any, on sports/exercise/physical activity, for any age, gender, or level of sport. Articles describing mask effects without exercise, articles published before 1980, and non-English language studies were excluded. Study Design: Systematic review Level of Evidence: Level 3 Data Extraction: Data extraction focused on physiologic parameters measured during physical activity performed while wearing a face mask. Results: Twenty-two articles met all inclusion criteria. Study analysis revealed that the use of masks in healthy volunteers during exercise had no significant effect on physiologic parameters measured including heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation, and perceived exertion. Of the studies that investigated N95 masks in the healthy adult population, 2 reported modest changes in RR and maximum power output indicative of decreased athletic performance when subjects were exercising at maximum effort. Similar findings were seen in studies of subpopulations including children and pregnant women. Conclusion: Available data suggest that healthy individuals can perform moderate-to-vigorous exercise while wearing a face mask without experiencing changes in HR, RR, and oxygen saturation that would compromise individual safety or athletic performance. In the specific situation in which an N95 mask is worn, maximum power generated may be impaired. What is known about the subject: To date, there has been no systematic review of the existing literature to provide a clear consensus on whether face mask use significantly impacts athletic performance. Mask use has been demonstrated safe in the workplace; however, the use of face masks during exercise has not been examined on a large scale, particularly with respect to physiologic parameters. What this study adds to existing knowledge: This analysis highlights that available data suggest that healthy individuals can perform heavy exercise in face masks with minimal physiologic changes. This is the first systematic review of studies analyzing exercise use wearing masks. With the evidence presented here commonly cited concerns about both safety and performance decrements with mask use during physical activities may be allayed.

show abstract

Added Breathing Resistance during Exercise Impairs Pulmonary Ventilation and Exaggerates Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia Leading to Impaired Aerobic Exercise Performance

Han

Jang

Kim

et al. 2023

IJERPH

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Protective masks impose variable breathing resistance (BR) on the wearer and may adversely affect exercise performance, yet existing literature shows inconsistent results under different types of masks and metabolic demands. The present study was undertaken to determine whether added BR impairs cardiopulmonary function and aerobic performance during exercise. Sixteen young healthy men completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer under the four conditions of BR using a customized breathing resistor at no breathing resistance (CON), 18.9 (BR1), 22.2 (BR2), and 29.9 Pa (BR3). The results showed that BR significantly elevates respiratory pressure (p < 0.001) and impairs ventilatory response to graded exercise (reduced VE; p < 0.001) at a greater degree with an increased level of BR which caused mild to moderate exercise-induced hypoxemia (final mean SpO2: CON = 95.6%, BR1 = 94.4%, BR2 = 91.6%, and BR3 = 90.6%; p < 0.001). Especially, such a marked reduction in SpO2 was significantly correlated with maximal oxygen consumption at the volitional fatigue (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) together with exaggerated exertion and breathing discomfort (p < 0.001). In conclusion, added BR commonly experienced when wearing tight-fitting facemasks and/or respirators could significantly impair cardiopulmonary function and aerobic performance at a greater degree with an increasing level of BR.

show abstract

The Effect of Inspiratory Resistance on Exercise Performance and Perception in Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Young Subjects: A Crossover Study

Effect of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Young Subjects: A Crossover Study

Mask Use for Athletes: A Systematic Review of Safety and Performance Outcomes

Added Breathing Resistance during Exercise Impairs Pulmonary Ventilation and Exaggerates Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia Leading to Impaired Aerobic Exercise Performance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About