The effect of individual components of soy formula and cows' milk formula on zinc bioavailability

Lönnerdal, Bo; Cederblad, Åke; Davidsson, Lena; Sandström, Brittmarie

doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.5.1064

Cited by 156 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Soy protein also contains trypsin inhibitors and lectins (Bhatia et al, 2008). Reducing phytic acid content in formulae by about a half, from around 600 mg/kg to around 270 mg/kg, or completely compared with around 250-400 mg/kg ready-to-feed formula, has been shown to improve zinc absorption and also, to a lesser extent, iron absorption (Lönnerdal et al, 1984;Davidsson et al, 1994;Davidsson et al, 2004). Concerns have been raised with respect to potential negative effects of soy isoflavones on sexual, reproductive and neurobehavioural development, immune function and thyroid function.…”

Section: Plant Proteins As Protein Sources For If and Fofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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Section: Plant Proteins As Protein Sources For If and Fofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As phytic acid has been shown to reduce zinc absorption efficiency (Lönnerdal et al, 1984;Davidsson et al, 1994;Davidsson et al, 2004) …”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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“…Zinc absorption from soy-based formula is lower than from cow's milk-based formula because of its high phytate content (Lönnerdal et al, 1984). Infant formulae are usually fortified with zinc to levels higher than in human milk (0.5-1.5 mg/100 kcal 20 ) to compensate for lower absorption.…”

Section: To < 6 Monthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

185

107

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

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“…Since that report was published, formulas have been supplemented to provide 5 mg zinc daily, assuming consumption of 750 ml of formula (17). Because of the phytate content, zinc availability from soy-based formulas is lower than from cow's milk or human milk (69).…”

Section: Zinc Dietary Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

Walsh¹,

Sandstead²,

Prasad³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

156

225

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This review critically summarizes the literature on the spectrum of health effects of zinc status, ranging from symptoms of zinc deficiency to excess exposure. Studies on zinc intake are reviewed in relation to optimum requirements as a function of age and sex. Current knowledge on the biochemical properties of zinc which are critical to the essential role of this metal in biological systems is summarized. Dietary and physiological factors influencing the bioavailability and utilization of zinc are considered with special attention to interactions with iron and copper status. The effects of zinc deficiency and toxicity are reviewed with respect to specific organs, immunological and reproductive function, and genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Finally, key questions are identified where research is needed, such as the risks to human health of altered environmental distribution of zinc, assessment of zinc status in humans, effects of zinc status in relation to other essential metals on immune function, reproduction, neurological function, and the cardiovascular system, and mechanistic studies to further elucidate the biological effects of zinc at the molecular level. - There is considerable evidence that zinc deficiency in humans is a serious worldwide problem and outweighs the potential problem of accidental, self-imposed, or environmental exposure to zinc excess. Acute deficiency (1) and chronic deficiency (2) are well-known entities in human populations and are probably much more common than generally recognized. The importance of zinc for human health was first documented in 1963 (3) Telephone (617) (617) 638-4329. E-mail: ctwalsh~bu.edu renal disease, and other chronically debilitating diseases are now known to be predisposing factors for zinc deficiency in humans (4).Zinc deficiency is reflected in clinical syndromes which affect men and women of all ages and all socioeconomic and cultural classes in the United States. It is neither prevalent in any specific area of the United States nor associated with any specific or definitive biochemical marker, which can make its identification difficult and confusing. Its presence is manifested by a wide spectrum of symptoms, from acute, life threatening problems to mild subclinical or marginal disorders which may only vaguely disturb well being. The acute problems are often seen in profoundly ill patients treated in hospitals, whereas subclinical problems may be so vague that patients seek assistance outside traditional medical practice.Based upon clinical data and using traditional, epidemiologic techniques, Henkin and Aamodt (5) have reclassified zinc deficiency into three syndromes; these are a) acute, b) chronic, and c) subacute zinc deficiency. Acute zinc deficiency is relatively uncommon and follows parenteral hyperalimentation or oral L-histidine administration. Chronic zinc deficiency is more common, usually resulting from chronic dietary lack of zinc. Subacute or latent zinc deficiency is the most common of these syndromes. It is estimated that there are 4...

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The effect of individual components of soy formula and cows' milk formula on zinc bioavailability

Cited by 156 publications

References 32 publications

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

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