The Effect of Immobilization on Goat Knees Following Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Roth, J H; MENDENHALL, H. V.; McPherson, Gregg K.

doi:10.1097/00003086-198804000-00039

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Both the magnitude and principal stress directions FEA results corroborate the clinical evidence of postoperative transverse fractures that occur with an incidence of up to 1% to 2% in patellae that have been compromised by removal of a large trapezoidal graft. 3,7,14,17 Studies have shown that immobilization of the knee joint may have deleterious effectsy, 18,19,21,26,27 In early mobilization of the ACL-reconstructed knee, the graft fixation is undoubtedly the weak link; however, as the graft strengthens and more weightbearing and exercise are allowed, the compromised patella may be put in danger. Smaller bone blocks minimize the extent of patellar vascular disruption, reduce the stress level in the patella, and reduce the amount of patellar remodeling required (C. E. Henning, personal communication, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bone Block Removal and Patellar Prosthesis on Stresses in the Human Patella

et al. 1994

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Thermoelastic stress analysis was used to examine stresses on the anterior surface of patellae after patellar bone block excision for autogenous graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Complications of anterior cruciate ligament injury often lead to degenerative changes in the knee that can require total knee joint replacement. It was hypothesized that stresses in a bone block-compromised patella may be increased even further by insertion of a patellar prosthesis. All patellae were first tested intact and then were retested after a sequence of surgical modifications including patellar prosthesis implantation, tapered bone block excision, square bone block excision, and both shapes of excised bone blocks with a patellar prosthesis in place. Stresses in patellae with bone blocks excised were significantly greater than stresses in intact patellae. The anterior surface stress pattern in the loaded patella was significantly altered by excision of a bone block. There were no significant differences between maximum stress in patellae with tapered and square bone blocks excised. A finite element analysis showed that excision of a larger trapezoid-shaped bone block greatly increased maximum stress levels. Insertion of a patellar prosthesis did not significantly alter stress patterns or maximum stress levels in the patella.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bone Block Removal and Patellar Prosthesis on Stresses in the Human Patella

et al. 1994

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“…Naturally occurring ACL pathology is an uncommon clinical problem in the goat. Interestingly, the development of degenerative joint disease following ACL transection has been reported to be inconsistent in this species (44, 45, 54, 55). In a study by Jackson et al, compensatory changes in other structural stabilizers of the stifle occurred with chronic ACL deficiency (44).…”

Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 94%

Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research

et al. 2019

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Large animal (non-rodent mammal) models are commonly used in ACL research, but no species is currently considered the gold standard. Important considerations when selecting a large animal model include anatomical differences, the natural course of ACL pathology in that species, and biomechanical differences between humans and the chosen model. This article summarizes recent reports related to anatomy, pathology, and biomechanics of the ACL for large animal species (dog, goat, sheep, pig, and rabbit) commonly used in ACL research. Each species has unique features and benefits as well as potential drawbacks, which are highlighted in this review. This information may be useful in the selection process when designing future studies.

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“…While many studies report improved cartilage repair in defects positioned in the trochlear over the femoral condyle (Orth et al 2013a ), conflicting results, where less defect repair occurs in the trochlea compared to the medial condyle have also been reported (Hoemann et al 2011 ; Hoemann et al 2005 ). In the clinical scenario most operators will follow surgery with a 4–6 week period of partial-weight bearing with full range of motion in the joint, slowly working up to full weight bearing (Vogt et al 2013 ) even though short term studies have shown an accelerated rehab protocol can reduce pain and increase function (Vogt et al 2013 ; Ebert et al 2008 ) In the preclinical in vivo model weight bearing can be controlled by using external fixators and casts on the animals (Kojima et al 2014 ; Roth et al 1988 ). Confining animals to pens for the initial post-operative period has been shown to be effective in reducing post-operative joint load (Etterlin et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair

et al. 2016

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Much research is currently ongoing into new therapies for cartilage defect repair with new biomaterials frequently appearing which purport to have significant regenerative capacity. These biomaterials may be classified as medical devices, and as such must undergo rigorous testing before they are implanted in humans. A large part of this testing involves in vitro trials and biomechanical testing. However, in order to bridge the gap between the lab and the clinic, in vivo preclinical trials are required, and usually demanded by regulatory approval bodies. This review examines the in vivo models in current use for cartilage defect repair testing and the relevance of each in the context of generated results and applicability to bringing the device to clinical practice. Some of the preclinical models currently used include murine, leporine, ovine, caprine, porcine, canine, and equine models. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages in terms of animal husbandry, cartilage thickness, joint biomechanics and ethical and licencing issues. This review will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the various animal models currently in use in preclinical studies of cartilage repair.

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The Effect of Immobilization on Goat Knees Following Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Bone Block Removal and Patellar Prosthesis on Stresses in the Human Patella

Effect of Bone Block Removal and Patellar Prosthesis on Stresses in the Human Patella

Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research

The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair

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