The effect of hygroscopicity on eddy covariance estimates of sea-spray aerosol fluxes: a comparison of high-rate and bulk correction methods

Sproson, David A. J.; Brooks, Ian M.; Norris, S. J.

doi:10.5194/amt-6-323-2013

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Details of all instrumentation are given in Brooks et al [2009b]. The turbulent flux calculations are described in Norris et al [2012] and Sproson et al [2013]. Norris et al [2012] also discuss the mean meteorological and oceanographic conditions.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux

Norris

Brooks

Salisbury

2013

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Parameterizations of the sea spray aerosol source flux are derived as functions of wave roughness Reynolds numbers, R Ha and R Hw , for particles with radii between 0.176 and 6.61 μm at 80% relative humidity. These source functions account for up to twice the variance in the observations than does wind speed alone. This is the first such direct demonstration of the impact of wave state on the variability of sea spray aerosol production. Global European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational mode fields are used to drive the parameterizations. The source flux from the R H parameterizations varies from approximately 0.1 to 3 (R Ha ) and 5 (R Hw ) times that from a wind speed parameterization, derived from the same measurements, where the wave state is substantially underdeveloped or overdeveloped, respectively, compared to the equilibrium wave state at the local wind speed. Citation: Norris, S. J., I. M. Brooks, and D. J. Salisbury (2013), A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,[4415][4416][4417][4418][4419]

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Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux

Norris

Brooks

Salisbury

2013

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…This is because the particles are sized at ambient humidity, but grow or shrink with local relative humidity (RH). We correct for this bias using the modified bulk correction scheme described by Sproson et al (2013). The final CLASP fluxes are presented at a constant relative humidity of 80 % following the aerosol growth rate for sea salt reported by Gerber (1985).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breaking waves entrain air into water, resulting in plumes of bubbles within the top metres of the ocean and the appearance of whitecaps (Thorpe, 1992). Sea spray aerosols are primarily formed from the bursting of those bubbles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea spray fluxes from the southwest coast of the United Kingdom – dependence on wind speed and wave height

et al. 2019

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Abstract. Fluxes of sea spray aerosols were measured with the eddy covariance technique from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory (PPAO) on the southwest coast of the United Kingdom over several months from 2015 to 2017. Two different fast-responding aerosol instruments were employed: an ultra-fine condensation particle counter (CPC) that detects aerosols with a radius above ca. 1.5 nm and a compact lightweight aerosol spectrometer probe (CLASP) that provides a size distribution between ca. 0.1 and 6 µm. The measured sea spray emission fluxes essentially all originated from the shallow waters upwind, rather than from the surf zone/shore break. Fluxes from the CPC and from the CLASP (integrated over all sizes) were generally comparable, implying a reasonable closure in the aerosol number flux. Compared to most previous observations over the open ocean, at the same wind speed the mean sea spray number fluxes at PPAO are much greater. Significant wave height and wave Reynolds numbers explain more variability in sea spray fluxes than wind speed does, implying that enhanced wave breaking resulting from shoaling in shallow coastal waters is a dominant control on sea spray emission. Comparisons between two different wind sectors (open water vs. fetch-limited Plymouth Sound) and between two sets of sea states (growing vs. falling seas) further confirm the importance of wave characteristics on sea spray fluxes. These results suggest that spatial variability in wave characteristics need to be taken into account in predictions of coastal sea spray productions and also aerosol loading.

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“…This is because the particles are sized at ambient humidity, but grow/shrink with local relative humidity (RH). We correct for this bias using the modified bulk correction scheme described by Sproson et al (2013). The final CLASP fluxes are presented at a constant relative humidity of 80% following the aerosol growth rate for sea salt reported by Gerber (1985).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea Spray Fluxes from the Southwest Coast of the United Kingdom – Dependence on Wind Speed and Wave Height

Yang¹,

Norris²,

Bell³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Fluxes of sea spray aerosols were measured with the eddy covariance technique from the Penlee Point Atmospheric 10 Observatory (PPAO) on the southwest coast of the United Kingdom over several months from 2015 to 2017. Two different fastresponding aerosol instruments were employed: an ultra-fine condensation particle counter (CPC) that detects aerosols with radius above ca. 1.5 nm, and a compact lightweight aerosol spectrometer probe (CLASP) that provides a size distribution between ca. 0.1 and 6 µm. The aerosol fluxes were almost always from sea to air, indicating sea spray emission. Fluxes from the CPC and from the CLASP (integrated over all sizes) were generally comparable, implying a reasonable closure in the aerosol 15 number flux. Compared to most previous observations over the open ocean, at the same wind speed the mean sea spray number fluxes at PPAO are much greater. Significant wave height and wave Reynolds number explain more variability in sea spray fluxes than does wind speed, implying that enhanced wave breaking resulting from shoaling in shallow coastal waters is a dominant control on sea spray emission. Comparisons between two different wind sectors (open water vs. fetch-limited Plymouth Sound) and between two sets of sea states (growing vs. falling seas) further confirm the importance of wave 20 characteristics on sea spray fluxes. These results suggest that spatial variability in wave characteristics need to be taken into account in predictions of coastal sea spray productions and also aerosol loading.for heterogeneous reactions (Sievering et al. 1991;Kim et al. 2014). In coastal regions where roughly half of the world's population resides, sea spray constitutes a major component of particulate matter in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. 30Particulate matter is directly relevant for human health and is subject to air quality regulations.Breaking waves entrain air into water, resulting in plumes of bubbles within the top meters of the ocean and the appearance of whitecaps (Thorpe, 1992). Sea spray aerosols are primarily formed from the bursting of those bubbles. Two modes of sea spray aerosols are commonly observed: the film drop mode (predominantly submicron) arising from disintegration of relatively large bubbles, and the jet drop mode (≥500 nm to a few microns in radius) from relatively small bubbles (e.g.35 Blanchard, 1963). Tearing of the wave crest under conditions of very high winds can also lead to large spume droplets (tens of microns to millimeters; Monahan et al., 1983), which may contribute significantly to the total sea spray mass flux but not to the number flux. The causal relationship between bubbles and sea spray has led to the application of the "whitecap" method for the estimation of sea spray flux over the ocean: in which the spray production flux from unit area of a foam surface is prescribed based on other measurements and scaled up by the whitecap fraction (e.g. Monahan et al. 1986; Martensson et al. 2003; Clarke et 40 al. 2006). However, the parameterization of whit...

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The effect of hygroscopicity on eddy covariance estimates of sea-spray aerosol fluxes: a comparison of high-rate and bulk correction methods

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux

A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux

Sea spray fluxes from the southwest coast of the United Kingdom – dependence on wind speed and wave height

Sea Spray Fluxes from the Southwest Coast of the United Kingdom – Dependence on Wind Speed and Wave Height

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