“…This is further supported by studies showing that the administration of ketamine (a N‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist) influences CPM, but not offset analgesia (Niesters, Dahan, et al, ) suggesting that CPM is NMDA‐dependent, and offset analgesia is NMDA‐independent. Administration of hydromorphone (an opioid) does not have an effect on CPM or offset analgesia in pain patients (Suzan, Treister, Pud, Haddad, & Eisenberg, ). Administration of remifentanil (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) to healthy subjects does not alter offset analgesia (Martucci, Eisenach, Tong, & Coghill, ), suggesting that offset analgesia is opioid‐independent whereas administration of morphine impairs the CPM in healthy subjects (Martini et al, ), which suggests that CPM is opioid‐dependent.…”