The Effect of Hydration on Pores of Shale Oil Reservoirs in the Third Submember of the Triassic Chang 7 Member in Southern Ordos Basin

Abstract

Shale oil is an unconventional kind of oil and gas resource with great potential. China has huge reserves of shale oil, and shale oil resources are abundant in the third submember of the Triassic Chang 7 member in the southern Ordos Basin. At present, this area is in the initial stage of shale oil exploration and development. The reservoir pore is one of the key factors affecting oil accumulation, drilling safety, and oil production. It is also an important reservoir parameter that must be defined in the exploration stage. In general, the clay content in the shale section is high, and is prone to hydration. In order to study the effect of fluid on the pore type, structure, and distribution of shale oil reservoirs, experiments using X-ray diffraction, a porosity-permeability test, mercury porosimetry, rock casting thin section, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out. The experimental results show that the content of clay and quartz is very high in the studied formation. The pore porosity and permeability of the rock is highly heterogeneous because of the obvious stratigraphic bedding and interbeds. Microstructural observation of rocks shows that the main pore types are intergranular pores, intragranular pores, intercrystalline pores, and organic pores. Crack types are dissolution cracks, contraction cracks of organic matter, and abnormal pressure structural cracks. After hydration, the porosity of rock will increase in varying degrees, and pore size, pore content in different sizes, and pore structure will also change. The results show that the pores of tuff mainly changes at the initial stage of hydration, and the pore change of tuff is the most obvious within 6 hours of soaking in clear water. The influence of hydration on the pore of shale is greater than that of tuff, but the main change stage is later than tuff, and the pore change of shale is the most obvious within 12 to 24 hours of soaking in clear water. The soaking experiment of water-based drilling fluid (WBM-SL) shows that it can plug a certain size of holes and cracks and form a protective layer on the rock surface, thus effectively reducing hydration. In actual construction, multisized solid particles should be allocated in drilling fluid according to the formation pore's characteristics, and the stability of the protective layer should be guaranteed. This can reduce the accident of well leakage and collapse and is conducive to the efficient and safe development of shale oil.

Characteristics of Hydration Damage and Its Influence on Permeability of Lamellar Shale Oil Reservoirs in Ordos Basin

“…The hydration reaction will lead to the increase of porosity, the looseness of internal structure, and the decrease of rock strength. Shale has obvious bedding structure, and microcracks are usually developed along the bedding, which provides a good channel for hydration [13]. The expansion stress produced by hydration will concentrate on the crack tip, which will cause fracture expansion and deformation and cause damage to the rock interior, such as borehole instability [14].…”

Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Shale Considering the Effect of Rock Structure and Hydration from Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of View

“…This rule is similar to the result of bedding shale obtained in the literature [32], but the difference is that lamellar shale shows more significant change under the effect of hydration. This may be due to the fact that the inclusion of lamellar structures, which contain a lot of clay minerals, would have more significant swelling deformation after hydration compared with bedding shale [36]. Thus, the increase in rock particle spacing is more obvious, leading to the reduction in elastic brittleness and increase in plasticity and ductility [37].…”