The effect of herbaceous plant communities and soil textures on particle erosion of alluvial streambanks

Dunaway, Donette; Swanson, Sherman; Wendel, Jeanne; Clary, Warren P.

doi:10.1016/0169-555x(94)90030-2

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Root networks anchor in the soil and effectively induce mechanical sediment cohesion over the surface layer of sediment bars (De Baets et al, 2006;Xie et al, 2006), crop topsoil (Bui, 1993;Gyssels and Poesen, 2003), watersheds (Prosser et al, 1995;Pearce et al, 1998) and riverbanks (Millar, 2000;Pollen-Bankhead and Simon, 2010). Erosion rates were found to be exponentially reduced by the presence of root plant communities (Dunaway et al, 1994;Gyssels et al, 2005). In rivers, additional mechanical cohesion would lead to an increase in the magnitude of the flow required for reworking the channel bed surface in comparison to sediments without vegetation.…”

Section: Root Anchorage In the Soil And Related Induced Cohesionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…From a mechanical viewpoint the reinforcement of soil by plant roots has been quite extensively studied mainly for steep soils and river banks (Dunaway et al, 1994;Pearce et al, 1998;Millar, 2000;Abernethy and Rutherford, 1998;Micheli and Kirchner, 2002;Sakals and Sidle, 2004;Dupuy et al, 2005;Pollen and Simon, 2005;Pollen, 2007;Eaton, 2006). Yet, knowledge of the role of below-ground biomass in stabilizing sediments and soil is limited (Gyssels and Poesen, 2003;Gyssels et al, 2005;De Baets et al, 2006) and practically unexplored for naturally non-cohesive material such as gravel and sand found on river bars and vegetated islands.…”

Section: Root Anchorage In the Soil And Related Induced Cohesionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of vegetation uprooting by flow in alluvial non-cohesive sediment

Edmaier

Burlando

Perona

2011

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

100

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Abstract. The establishment of riparian pioneer vegetation is of crucial importance within river restoration projects. After germination or vegetative reproduction on river bars juvenile plants are often exposed to mortality by uprooting caused by floods. At later stages of root development vegetation uprooting by flow is seen to occur as a consequence of a marked erosion gradually exposing the root system and accordingly reducing the mechanical anchoring. How time scales of flow-induced uprooting do depend on vegetation stages growing in alluvial non-cohesive sediment is currently an open question that we conceptually address in this work. After reviewing vegetation root issues in relation to morphodynamic processes, we then propose two modelling mechanisms (Type I and Type II), respectively concerning the uprooting time scales of early germinated and of mature vegetation. Type I is a purely flow-induced drag mechanism, which causes alone a nearly instantaneous uprooting when exceeding root resistance. Type II arises as a combination of substantial sediment erosion exposing the root system and resulting in a decreased anchoring resistance, eventually degenerating into a Type I mechanism. We support our conceptual models with some preliminary experimental data and discuss the importance of better understanding such mechanisms in order to formulate sounding mathematical models that are suitable to plan and to manage river restoration projects.

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Section: Root Anchorage In the Soil And Related Induced Cohesionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Root Anchorage In the Soil And Related Induced Cohesionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of vegetation uprooting by flow in alluvial non-cohesive sediment

Edmaier

Burlando

Perona

2011

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

100

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“…This leads to particular concern toward grazing impacts (Chaney et al 1993, Belsky et al 1999. Because of moving water's erosive energy, maintaining hydrophilic herbaceous and woody plants is extremely important in many riparian situations (Beschta and Platts 1986, Manning et al 1989, Gregory et al 1991, Dunaway et al 1994. If heavily rooted hydrophilic plants such as Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrascensis Dewey) and Baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.)…”

Section: How Are Riparian Areas Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas

Clary¹,

Leininger²

2000

REM

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Stubble height, a measure of the herbaceous vegetation remaining after grazing, has been widely used in recent years to gage the impacts of grazing use in riparian areas. Stubble height is a short-term management guide that should only be applied to help attain long-term ecological objectives; it should not be thought of as a long-term management objective.Maintaining a minimum stubble height helps preserve forage plant vigor, retain sufficient forage to reduce cattle browsing of willows (Salix spp.), stabilize sediments, indirectly limit streambank trampling, maintain cattle gains, and provide an easily communicated management criterion. Based on limited specific research of riparian system response and on knowledge of the characteristics of how cattle graze, a 10-cm residual stubble height is recommended by the authors as a starting point for improved riparian grazing management. Monitoring should then be conducted to determine if an adjustment is needed. In some situations, 7 cm or even less stubble height may provide for adequate riparian ecosystem function, particularly when streambanks are dry and stable or possibly at high elevations where vegetation is naturally of low stature. In other situations, 15-20 cm of stubble height may be required to reduce browsing of willows or limit trampling impact to vulnerable streambanks. The recommended criterion would apply to streamside and nearby meadow sites with hydrophilic or potentially hydrophilic vegetation, but not directly to dry meadows or even to all wet meadows. Stubble height may have little application where the streambanks are stabilized by coarse substrates, or the channels are deeply incised.The effects of residual stubble height in riparian functions have received limited direct experimental examination. Consequently, much of the information in this review was derived from studies indirectly related to the questions raised and, to some extent, from observations of experienced professionals. The authors have identified areas of scientific investigation needed to improve our understanding of the effects of stubble height on riparian function and grazing management.Key Words: Grazing, livestock management, streambanks, trampling, utilization, willowIn the early settlement history of the western United States management of riparian grazing lands was pretty straightforward-no irrigation or stock water to worry about-just turn the livestock out in the spring and take them home in the fall. We now know that proper management of these highly diverse ecosystems is not that easy. These land-water ecotones are among the most ecologically productive and diverse of all terrestrial habitats, and the influence of moving water within stream ripari- ResumenLa altura del rastrojo, una medida de la vegetación herb·cea remanente después de que ha sido sujeta apacentamiento, ha sido ampliamente utilizada en años recientes para medir el impacto del apacentamiento en las áeas ribereñas. La altura del rastrojo es una guáa de manejo a corto plazo que debe ser aplica...

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“…If deforestation enhances wetting across the riverbank, causing pore-water pressures to increase, a reduction in the apparent cohesion of riverbank materials from a loss of matric suction will increase the susceptibility of exposed riverbank surfaces to fluvial scour (Pollen-Bankhead and Simon, 2010). Furthermore, poorly rooted sediment is prone to disaggregation (Dunaway et al, 1994), particularly sediment that lacks enough cohesion (i.e., from clays and other platy minerals) to withstand the boundary shear stresses applied by the near-bank current (Simon and Collison, 2002).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of river meandering by tropical deforestation

Horton

Constantine

Hales

et al. 2017

Geology

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Tropical forests are the only forest biome to have experienced increased rates of forest loss during the past decade because of global demands for food and biofuels. The implications of such extensive forest clearing on the dynamics of tropical river systems remain relatively unknown, despite significant progress in our understanding of the role of trees in riverbank stability. Here, we document rates of deforestation and corresponding average annual rates of riverbank erosion along the freely meandering Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysia, from Landsat satellite imagery spanning A.D. 1989-2014. We estimate that deforestation removed over half of the river's floodplain forest and up to 30% of its riparian cover, which increased rates of riverbank erosion by >23% within our study reaches. Further, the correlation between the magnitude of planform curvature and rates of riverbank erosion only became strongly positive and significant following deforestation, suggesting an important role of forests in the evolution of meandering rivers, even when riverbank heights exceed the depth of root penetration.

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The effect of herbaceous plant communities and soil textures on particle erosion of alluvial streambanks

Cited by 66 publications

References 10 publications

Mechanisms of vegetation uprooting by flow in alluvial non-cohesive sediment

Mechanisms of vegetation uprooting by flow in alluvial non-cohesive sediment

Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas

Modification of river meandering by tropical deforestation

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