The effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders: a meta-analysis

Russell, Kelly; Christie, Joshua R.; Hagel, Brent

doi:10.1503/cmaj.091080

Cited by 171 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) . Low rates of helmet and wrist guard usage give rise to further questions such as whether the role of protective equipment is being effectively conveyed to participants and, secondly, if participants are indeed ignoring the message about the potential protective role of wrist guards and helmets, then why?…”

Section: Protective Equipment Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

Snowboarding Injuries in Australia: Investigating Risk Factors in Wrist Fractures to Enhance Injury Prevention Strategies

Dickson

Terwiel

2011

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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Abstract:Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with wrist fractures in snowboarders to inform future snowsport safety strategies.Design: A prospective case-control study using a non-probability convenience sample was conducted with data collected via a respondent completed questionnaire. Those presenting with injuries other than wrist fractures acted as the control.Participants: Snowboarders with a snowboard-related injury who presented to one of 10 medical centres and physiotherapy clinics in resort medical centres and gateway communities across the Australian snowsport season in 2007. Results:The 611 respondents reported 802 injuries (61.3% were males and 51.5% were aged 16-25 years). Protective equipment was worn by 57.0% of respondents. The main reason for not wearing a wrist guard was that they did not see the need, of these 12.9% experienced a wrist fracture. Most injuries occurred on-piste, in a terrain park or in a lesson. The main mechanism of injury was falling over. The major risk factors for wrist fractures were age < 16 years (OR 3.97, CI 2.54 to 6.22), being on holidays in the alpine area (OR 2.77, CI 1.47 to 5.21) and a first day snowboard participant (OR 2.02, CI 1.15 to 3.64). A direct logistic regression indicated that three variables had a statistically significant contribution to the model (age <16 years, being on holidays in the region and not wearing a wrist guard). Conclusions:The key risk factors in this Australian study reflect other international studies, providing a clear market segment for targeted snowsport safety messages for those under 16 years, visitors to the alpine regions and those not wearing wrist guards.

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Section: Protective Equipment Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

Snowboarding Injuries in Australia: Investigating Risk Factors in Wrist Fractures to Enhance Injury Prevention Strategies

Dickson

Terwiel

2011

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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“…A number of studies show that wearing a helmet is effective at preventing head injuries in skiers and snowboarders (Machold et al, 2000;Macnab, Smith, Gagnon, & Macnab, 2002;Russell, Christie, & Hagel, 2010;Sulheim, Ekeland, & Bahr, 2004), however controversy exists over whether or not wearing protective equipment also increases risk-taking behaviour.…”

Section: Injuries and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of heads-up-display (HUD) goggles on skiing and snowboarding speeds

Garner

Haegeli

Haider

2016

Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism

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This study empirically explores whether the use of heads-up-display (HUD) goggles increases the risk in ski areas by increasing skiing and snowboarding speeds. Twentyseven skiers and snowboarders participated in a repeated measures experiment that included a control session without the HUD goggle and three sessions with the HUD goggle under a variety of conditions. The skiing behaviour of each participant was monitored using a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracker. The runs of the ski area were divided into 51 homogeneous run sections and speed quantiles (median to maximum in 5 percentage point intervals) were calculated for each individual pass through these run sections (n=4,451). A mixed-effects model was then applied to examine the effect of HUD goggles on skiing speeds for each quantile in combination with various personal (e.g., skiing ability) and external factors (e.g., terrain). Among the variables tested, ability level had the strongest positive effect on skiing speeds, while terrain characteristics including steep gradients, ungroomed runs, and treed areas, were all associated with slower skiing speeds. No overall long-term effect of HUD goggle use on skiing speeds was found, but advanced/expert skiers did appear to benchmark 'personal best' speeds during first HUD use -particularly on long straight run sectionsbefore returning to slower speeds during subsequent HUD use. Whereas no significant HUD effect was observed among beginners/intermediates, skiing speeds were significantly faster among beginners/intermediates listening to music during the sessions. The potential for distraction as a result of HUD use still requires investigation.

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“…One example of prevention of sports related TBI is the use of sport-specific helmets during the game. The use of helmets has been found to reduce head injuries in sports such as baseball, ice hockey, rugby, alpine skiing, and snowboarding [16][17][18][19]. In contrast, soccer players wearing helmets did not reduce the rate of head injuries [20].…”

Section: %) the Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injuries: Mini Review

L¹

2016

JNSK

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Traumatic brain injuries are common with sports-related injuries. The signs and symptoms vary from mild to severe with examples of a mild headache or nausea alone to more severe symptoms such as coma or death. Furthermore, studies have shown chronic repercussions of traumatic brain injuries such as Alzheimer's disease or dementia late in life. Immediate evaluation and a timely diagnosis is the most important in the treatment of sports-related brain injuries since it has been proven to lead to a better prognosis following the injury. Promoting health awareness with an emphasis on education, injury prevention, early recognition, and effective management of injuries may avert premature death and devastating early onset of neurodegenerative disease.

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The effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders: a meta-analysis

Cited by 171 publications

References 43 publications

Snowboarding Injuries in Australia: Investigating Risk Factors in Wrist Fractures to Enhance Injury Prevention Strategies

Snowboarding Injuries in Australia: Investigating Risk Factors in Wrist Fractures to Enhance Injury Prevention Strategies

The effect of heads-up-display (HUD) goggles on skiing and snowboarding speeds

Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injuries: Mini Review

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